气候舒适度的体感分级：季节锚点法与中国案例

气候舒适度对人居环境和人类活动具有深远影响,相关的评价模型/指数在建筑设计、城市规划、人体健康和旅游发展等领域有着广泛应用。体感分级标准作为气候舒适度评价模型不可或缺的关键环节,对模型效度有着重要的裁量权,也是实践应用中最终的度量衡工具。目前体感分级标准研究和应用中异地套用和局地实测的传统做法,在制定国家尺度普适性标准时遇到较大瓶颈。本文试图提出包含“定级—定名—定点—定宽”等基本环节的“季节锚点法”这一新的体感分级思路,并基于中国1981-2010年间814个基本（基准）气象站点的日值气象数据,以温湿指数和风效指数为例开展了实证研究。研究给出了“暑—热—暖—温—凉—冷—寒”这一针对中国区域的7级体感划分标准,并具体给出了温湿指数和风效指数在各体感等级上的阈值区间,进而在此基础计算评价了中国气候舒适期和不舒适期的时间长短、空间格局及其历时变化,得到一些有益发现。未来的研究可以进一步就细分人群、测试模型和区域差异等方面的体感分级标准开展更多深入探索。     

裂变产物170Tm的体内蓄积特性诱发骨髓细胞突变效应研究

对裂变产物~(170)Tm的体内蓄积特性和诱发细胞突变效应的监测结果表明,当机体摄入~(170)Tm后,在短时间内即能迅速进入并滞留于骨组织中,其滞留量占体内各器官组织中的首位呈现高度选择性亲骨特征,在机体摄入~(170)Tm后的不同阶段,骨组织中的累积吸收剂量随着观察时间的延长而增升,其诱发骨髓细胞的染色体畸变率亦相应增高。由~(170)Tm内污染所诱发的染色体结构异常为染色单体型畸变,其中主要为染色单体断裂。随着骨组织中累积吸收剂量的增升,可观察到在一个细胞中同时有两个畸变发生,也诱发个别的染色体易位。     

珠江三角洲城市人居环境测评与分析

基于人居环境系统理论,运用层次分析法构建了一个包含四个一级子系统、九个二级子系统和三十六个基层指标的珠三角城市人居环境评价指标体系.选取1997年、2000年和2002年三个时间断面对珠三角城市人居环境进行测算.结果表明,珠三角城市人居环境系统工业化中期阶段特征明显,人居环境建设开始进入软环境主导时代,但发展的协调性和稳定性明显较差.同时人居环境的改善还面临着区域产业整合带来的严峻挑战.     

Landscape ecological characteristics in temporal changes of riverside open space in urbanized area

１ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＲｅｃｅｎｔｌｙｉｎＪａｐａｎ，ｔｈｅｒｉｖｅｒｓｐａｃｅｉｎｕｒｂａｎａｒｅａｓｉｓｃｈａｎｇｉｎｇｉｎｔｏｒｉｖｅｒｐａｒｋｓ，ｒｉｖｅｒｏｐｅｎｓｐａｃｅａｎｄｎａｔｕｒｅｏｒｉｅｎｔｅｄｂａｎｋ．Ｃｏｎｓｅｑｕｅｎ...     

Human Settlements on the Northern Shores of Lake Aral and Water Level Changes

The shore of Lake Aral in Kazakhstan is a perfect area for studying the human adaptation strategy to past climate changes. New archaeological material, gathered along the northern shores during the expedition of the INTAS project CLIMAN, is briefly presented. Changes in settlement activity during the Atlantic and Subboreal are related to lake level changes of the Aral Sea. A previ-ously proposed lake level maximum needs to be revised. In particular the lake level stand at 72/73 m, with an assumed age of 5000 BP is definitely refused. Based on the presented data the maximum lake level most probably never reached beyond 57/58 mean average sea level (masl). Furthermore the regression during the 15^th–16^th centuries has been underestimated. It may have been lower than the present day level. Thus the present desiccation of the Aral Sea is historically not unique, as a similar regression, probably induced by man as well, has occurred at least once during history. A readjustment of the water level is, therefore, possible at any time.     

The oxidation of octanoic acid by cultured amniotic fluid cells: The effect of cell type and passage number

We have measured the rate of oxidation of [1⁻¹⁴C]octanoate in cultured amniotic fluid (AF) cells at various passages and in AF cell lines with different clonal morphology. It is possible that both the passage number and the cell type may influence the outcome of prenatal diagnosis of fatty acid oxidation defects using this technique. We found that there was no significant difference between the three major AF cell types (epithelial, large epithelial, and fibroblast) when analysed at identical passage number but there was a significant reduction in octanoate oxidation in all cell types with increasing passage. For reliable prenatal diagnosis, cell lines of similar low passage number should be used.     

Second-trimester maternal serum screening using alpha-fetoprotein,human chorionic gonadotrophin,and unconjugated oestriol: Experience of a regional programme

Over a 2-year period from January 1991 to December 1992, second-trimester maternal serum screening for Down's syndrome using alpha-fetoprotein (aFP), human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG), and unconjugated oestriol (uE₃) was made available to five health districts in East Anglia, with a total population of 1·2 million. Amniocentesis was offered when the risk of Down's syndrome at term was 1:200 or greater. 25359 singleton pregnancies were screened, representing an uptake of 77 per cent. The recall rate for the 24 per cent of women who had not had a dating scan prior to the test was 9·4 per cent compared with 3·9 per cent for those who had been scanned (P<0·0005). Seventy-five per cent (36/48) of Down's syndrome pregnancies were detected for a false-positive rate of 4·0 per cent. Twenty-five out of 36 of detected Down's syndrome pregnancies were dated by scan prior to sampling, and in the 11 remaining cases, the dates were confirmed by scan after a high-risk result was obtained. The exclusion of uE₃ from the screening protocol would have reduced the detection rate to 52 per cent (25/48) for the same false-positive rate. Eighty-five per cent of women identified at high risk accepted the offer of an amniocentesis. Other fetal abnormalities detected were trisomy 18 (3), trisomy 13 (2), 45,X (6), 69,XXX (5), other chromosome abnormalities (9), open neural tube defects (26), hydrocephalus (7), abdominal wall defects (4), and steroid sulphatase deficiency (6).     

地下水中汞的形成及其与人群健康的关系

地下水中汞元素的形成，主要是含汞矿物岩土溶解作用的结果，但其含量一般很低。汞与人体关系密切，结肠癌、肺癌死亡率与土壤中汞含量呈正相关，胃癌死亡率则与汞元素含量呈负相关。地下水汞元素含量小于１μｇ／Ｌ时，不会对人体健康产生危害。     

Mosaic trisomy 17 in amniotic fluid cells not confirmed in the newborn

A case of true fetal mosaicism 46,XY/47,XY, + 17 was diagnosed in amniotic fluid cells. After genetic counselling and unsuccessful periumbilical blood sampling the pregnancy continued to term, and a healthy male infant was born. Lymphocytes of the newborn had a normal karyotype. Follow-up of the child at age 18 months showed normal physical and mental development indicating that the trisomic cell line was restricted most probably to the extra fetal tissue.     

青浦区城市化中人居环境的协调发展研究

青浦区人居环境的可持续发展体系是一个由人口、社会、资源、环境与经济5个子系统构成的开放巨系统。文章通过提出综合衡量系统“协调性”和“发展水平”的“协调发展度”模型，研究青浦区在城市化中人居环境复合系统内5个子系统之间协调发展度情况。并运用回归模型，探讨协调发展度与城市化发展水平之间的内在联系，提出城市化进程必须与其人居环境的可持续发展相适应。