人力资本效能的彰显:激励与约束

人力资本是生产要素中最活跃和最特殊的要素，它的激励与约束问题极为精巧、复杂．本文通过对人力资本激励与约束问题的考察，结合我国体制内企业运营的实践，初步探讨了人力资本激励与约束的机制．     

Demonstration of spontaneously dividing male fetal cells in maternal blood by negative magnetic cell sorting and fish

We investigated a case of massive feto-maternal bleeding by using negative magnetic cell sorting (MACS) and fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH). A 37-year-old pregnant woman had an uncomplicated amniocentesis for advanced maternal age at 16 weeks' gestation. The fetal karyotype was 46, XY. At 19 weeks' gestation, she had a minor car accident and slight vaginal bleeding. A subsequent Kleihauer-Betke test showed a 140 ml feto-maternal haemorrhage. Serial sonographic examinations indicated a normal fetus and placenta. We performed FISH analysis on maternal peripheral blood at 25 weeks. Anti-CD45 and MACS were used to deplete maternal leucocytes, enriching the proportion of fetal nucleated erythrocytes present. The isolated cells were analysed by using dual-colour FISH with X and Y specific probes. Approximately 65 800 nucleated cells were obtained after MACS depletion. A total of 234 cells were analysed by FISH. The results revealed that 70 of the nucleated cells (30 per cent) were male with one X and one Y signal. Among these cells, six male metaphases were observed in spontaneously dividing cells.     

Isolation of fetal cells from transcervical samples by micromanipulation: Molecular confirmation of their fetal origin and diagnosis of fetal aneuploidy

Transcervical cell (TCC) samples have been shown to contain fetal cells amenable to molecular analysis. However, the presence of ‘contaminating’ maternal cells limits their use for prenatal diagnoses. In this report we show that clumps of fetal cells can be isolated from transcervical samples by micromanipulation and tested by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Out of 129 clumps, isolated from mucus aspirates and transcervical lavages from 29 patients, 29 clumps from 11 patients were found to be exclusively of fetal origin as judged by the detection of chromosome 21-specific polymorphic DNA markers and Y-derived DNA sequences by PCR and FISH. One case of a male triploid fetus, diagnosed by the analysis of TCC samples obtained by mucus aspiration and lavage, was confirmed by testing clumps of cells isolated by micromanipulation.     

Preparation of high resolution chromosomes from amniotic fluid cells

A relatively simple method of obtaining high resolution chromosomes from amniotic fluid cells is described. The elongated chromosomes are achieved by adding ethidium bromide (5μg/ml) to the culture 4 1/2 hours before harvesting and the high resolution banding can be produced by usual banding procedures.     

有机氯农药在南京市郊蔬菜中的生物富集与质量安全

用气相色谱．电子捕获检测器(GC-ECD)测定南京市郊蔬菜中的有机氯农药残留．结果表明，12种有机氯农药在所有的供试蔬菜中均有检出，DDT和HCH在各蔬菜中的含量较高，分别占有机氯农药总残留量的49．5％～75．0％和13．9％～28．2％．Wα-HCH／Wγ-HCH和WDDE／WDDT的比值在各蔬菜体内均小于或等于1，说明这些蔬菜生长的环境中可能有新的有机氯污染物的输入．各种蔬菜对有机氯农药总量的富集因子为0．41～0．78．富集能力最大的为胡萝卜，蒜苗和菠菜．HCH类农药在各种蔬菜体内的生物富集因子(0．70～1．10)要高于DDT类(0．28～0．80)．胡萝卜对HCH和DDT等有机氯农药的富集能力较强，而莴苣、蒜苗和菠菜对六氯苯、狄氏剂，异狄氏剂和硫丹有较高的生物富集能力．虽然各种蔬菜体内有机氯农药的残留量低于国家最大残留限量，但其检出率仍为100％，仍然对农产品质量安全和人类健康造成潜在的威胁．关键词：有机氯农药；蔬菜；残留量；生物富集；人类健康     

微生物降解法处理含酚废水的研究进展

微生物降解法处理含酚废水作为一种简便、高效的处理方法具有传统方法所无法比拟的优点。文中从降酚菌的来源、苯酚的生物降解途径以及固定化微生物技术在处理含酚废水中的应用等方面介绍了微生物降解法处理含酚废水的最新研究进展,预期该领域具有十分广阔的应用前景。     

基于MAIB事故报告的人为失误灰色关联分析

人为失误作为海上交通事故的主要原因,受到多种因素的影响。为了识别这些影响因素,避免或减少因人为失误导致的海上交通事故,基于96件英国海事调查委员会(MAIB)事故报告,应用熵加权灰色关联分析,分别按船旗国、船舶类型、事故类型计算人为失误与影响因素之间的关联度。结果表明,能力/技能/知识、团队协作、程序和现行规程、设备、交流(内部和外部)和管理/检验/检查是影响人为失误的主要因素。     

坚持人与自然和谐共生,推动生态文明建设——“美丽秦巴”专家笔谈

建设生态文明是中华民族永续发展的千年大计。为维护全球生态安全,建设美丽中国,为人民创造良好生产生活环境,达到坚持人与自然和谐共生的目标,就必须正确认识自然规律、尊重地球、敬畏地球、规范人类行为;必须树立和践行绿水青山就是金山银山的理念,坚持节约资源和保护环境的基本国策,像对待生命一样对待生态环境;必须坚持节约优先、保护优先、自然恢复为主的方针,形成节约资源和保护环境的空间格局、产业结构、生产方式和生活方式,还自然以宁静、和谐与美丽。     

大靖河径流变化特征及其对气候变化和人类活动的响应

流域径流变化及其影响因素的研究对流域水资源的可持续开发利用以及改善流域的生态环境具有重要意义。以大靖河流域1956—2016年水文气象数据为基础,分析了近61 a来大靖河径流的年内、年际变化特征,并定量评估了气候变化和人类活动对径流变化的影响。结果表明：大靖河径流年内分配不均,主要集中在7—10月,占全年径流的60.98%;1956年以来大靖河径流以1.1×10⁵ m³?a^?1的速率递减,Hurst指数为0.69,表明大靖河径流在未来一段时间将继续呈递减趋势;大靖河径流存在4个震荡周期,分别为2—5 a、8—13 a、17—24 a及35—45 a左右,降水的震荡周期（8—13 a、17—24 a及35—47 a）与径流周期具有较好的一致性;气候变化对大靖河径流减少的贡献率为4.7%,人类活动的贡献率为95.3%,这可能与研究区土地利用方式变化有关。