室内空气污染对人体健康的危害效应及其防治途径

文章主要论述室内空气污染的来源、危害及其防治途径.研究表明,建筑物、居室装修、室内家具、厨房油烟、家用电器、人体自身成为室内空气污染的主要来源;并重点分析了甲醛、氡、氨、苯、挥发性有机物(VOCS)对人体健康的危害效应:可诱发白血病、导致哮喘、引起肺疾病、诱导过敏性疾病、导致空调综合症、发生多重化学物敏感症(MCS)、产生不良建筑物综合症(SBS)等危害效应.最后对室内空气污染的治理提出了建议.     

南方某幼儿园儿童尿液中菲单羟基代谢物浓度分析

为了解我国南方某城市儿童尿液中单羟基菲的含量,于2007年11月采集该市一幼儿园80名4-6岁儿童尿样。尿液经过酶解、固相萃取(SPE)富集、净化,采用高效液相色谱-荧光检测器检测,共检测出4种单羟基菲,且以9-羟基菲为主。除4-羟基菲的检出率为53.75％外,其余单羟基菲的检出率近乎100％。各单羟基菲的中位数分别为...     

化固定化Methylibium petroleiphilum PM1细胞降解MTBE及动力学特性分析

采用海藻酸钙包埋固定化高效降解菌Methylobium petroleiphilum PM1降解水相中的甲基叔丁基醚(MTBE),考察了不同强化方法对凝胶颗粒机械强度和降解活性的影响.响应面结果表明,交联剂和培养基中Ca2+浓度分别为0.2 mol·L-1和1.38mmol·L-1,化学交联剂聚乙烯亚胺(PEI)浓度为...     

人类干扰对闽江河口湿地土壤碳、氮、磷生态化学计量学特征的影响

为了阐明湿地土壤生态化学计量学特征对人类干扰的响应,对闽江河口湿地受到人类不同程度干扰的芦苇沼泽、草地、滩涂养殖地、耕地、池塘养殖地和干扰恢复的弃耕地土壤的碳、氮、磷生态化学计量学特征进行了测定与分析.结果表明,土壤C/N、C/P和N/P比均表现出随着干扰程度的增大而降低,即轻度干扰的芦苇沼泽和草地(25.53、156.06、6.11和27.58、158.99、5.78)中度干扰的滩涂养殖地(25.02、96.90、3.87)高度干扰的耕地和池塘养殖地(17.55、46.19、2.65和22.30、57.51、2.62);与高度干扰的耕地相比,干扰恢复的弃耕地土壤C/N、C/P和N/P比有所提高(19.95、63.81和3.18);影响土壤C/N、C/P和N/P比的因子随干扰程度的变化而改变;土壤C/N比表现出随着干扰程度和土壤深度的变化相对较小,C/P和N/P比的变异性相对较大;碳与养分比对土壤碳储量具有良好的指示作用.     

固定在活性炭聚砜中空纤维膜中的Pseudomonas putida菌对四氯苯酚的共代谢降解

以苯酚-四氯苯酚共代谢体系为对象,研究了中空纤维聚砜膜作为细菌固定化材料对该共代谢过程的强化作用.结果表明,该膜具有内、中、外3层的结构,Pseudomonas putida菌可被固定在膜的表面和中间层;固定化后,细菌对高浓度有毒底物的忍受限度增强,从而得以持续生长,并在29 h内将600　mg/L和120　mg/L的苯酚和四氯苯酚完全降解.在膜的制作过程中添加了一定量的活性炭后,发现膜对苯酚和四氯苯酚的吸附能力增强,同时结构上更疏松,对四氯苯酚的降解效率得到了提高.固定在活性碳中空纤维膜中的Pseudomonas putida可以将1 000　mg/L和200　mg/L的苯酚和四氯苯酚在51 h内完全降解,比不加活性炭的情况缩短了37 h,中空纤维膜可以连续多次使用,对相同浓度的四氯苯酚的降解速度保持稳定.     

基于贝叶斯网络的非正常情况下高铁行车调度人因可靠性分析

行车调度子系统在整个高铁运输系统中处于关键位置,虽然行车调度大多已经采用了信息化、自动化的作业程序,但发生设备故障、交通事故、自然灾害等非正常情况时,很多具体的作业组织和管理仍需行车调度作业人员的参与.提出了一种基于贝叶斯网络考虑情境环境因子交互关系的人因可靠性分析方法,以某铁路局的人因失误数据统计表为学习样本,推理出行车调度作业人员工作中存在的主要问题.结果表明,“完成任务的可用时间”、“培训”及“人员配置”的节点状态变化会对作业人员的可靠性产生很大影响.最后,以高铁行车调度人员在某种特定情境状态下的实际作业为例进行了实证研究.研究表明,所建立的方法正确可靠,能够准确、高效地辨识人因可靠性.     

供电作业人身事故危害多元线性回归预测

为了定量评估电网作业和运行的风险,提出了一种基于5M因素分析法和多元线性回归的供电作业人身事故危害预测方法。借鉴安全行为学、安全心理学和事故致因理论,首先将供电作业中影响人身安全的因素分成5个大类,即人、设备、材料、方法和环境。然后分析所有因素间的相关性,将相关性较强的影响因素中对人身事故危害程度弱的一方剔除,并采用南方某电网公司人身伤亡事故数据为例进行分析,删除了两个人身安全影响因素:工器具配置和作业性质。继而,采用多元线性回归法建立供电作业人身事故危害值与各人身安全影响因素间的关系,对供电作业人身事故危害值进行预测。最后,以南方该电网公司2003~2013年发生的64起供电作业事故验证所提方法的有效性和准确性。     

Indium tin oxide nanoparticles-mediated DNA fragmentation and cell death by apoptosis in human lung epithelial cells

Indium tin oxide (ITO) nanoparticles (NP) have extensive applications in industrial fields, and concerns regarding their potential toxicity in humans and environmental impact have increased. Since exposure to ITO NP is mainly via skin and inhalation, this study was conducted utilizing human lung epithelial (A549) cell line. Cells were exposed to different concentrations of the ITO NP for 24 and 48 hr. A severe cytotoxic response of ITO NP was observed as evident by the (3-4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide and neutral red uptake assays after 48 hr exposure. ITO NP significantly reduced glutathione levels with a concomitant increase in lipid hydroperoxide levels, superoxide activity, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation after exposure. A significant induction in caspase activity and formation of condensed chromosomal bodies was also observed after ITO NP (10 or 25 µg/ml) exposure. Furthermore, a significant induction in DNA damage was observed by the Comet assay in cells exposed to ITO NP. Our data demonstrate that ITO NP display cytotoxic and genotoxic potential. However, increase in ROS levels and oxidative stress leading to oxidative DNA damage and condensed chromosomal bodies formation, suggests involvement of apotosis. Thus, ITO NP-mediated effects on cell viability indicate cytotoxicity, and therefore, exposures need to be carefully monitored in the industrial sector.     

Effect of mercuric chloride on terrestrial slug Semperula maculata and histopathology of reproductive organs: a comprehensive study

Since the last few decades, terrestrial diversity is found to be under stress due to the contamination by various chemicals and gases of aquatic and agricultural media. The bioaccumulation of these compounds at certain concentrations in different tissues produces histopathological changes leading to behavioral changes in target animals. This study focused on terrestrial molluscan slug, Semperula maculata, against lethal concentrations of mercury chloride (HgCl₂). Bioaccumulation of Hg was highest in ovotestis, while lowest in the molluscan penis. Histopathological changes were observed in the cellular arrangement of reproductive organs. Alterations in the penis and the dart gland included dilated unicellular, multicellular glands, and muscular dystrophy, dilated peripheral glandular cells, respectively; dilation being maximal in the prostate gland. Ovotestis showed depleted number of gametocytes. Vacoulized pre-vitellogenic oocytes with early vitellogenic oocytes were noted under light microscopy. Mercury produced toxicity on secretory functions and lowered the rate of reproduction in animals. Evidence indicates that Hg produced gamete degeneration, impacted reproductive capacity and survival of this species in the ecosystem.     

阴极电极面积和膜面积对H型MFCs产电能力的影响

以生活污水为底物,碳棒作电极,构建H型瓶式微生物燃料电池(microbial fuel cells,MFCs),研究了阴极电极面积和膜面积对电池产电能力的影响.阳极以厌氧污泥作接种体,两室分隔物使用阳离子交换膜(cation exchange membrane,CEM),阳极不使用中介体,阴极使用无催化剂的普通碳电极....