湿地退化的人为影响因素分析——基于时间序列数据和截面数据的实证分析

湿地退化受自然和区域社会经济发展等诸多因素的影响,目前中国湿地生态系统的综合研究备受学者关注。论文在学者们研究的基础上,重点分析影响湿地的社会经济发展人为影响因素,运用全国大尺度统计数据进行定量化研究。应用SPSS 17.0统计软件对其进行主成分及因子回归分析,进一步找出影响显著的因子并对中国湿地发展趋势进行预测。研究结果表明,中国湿地退化的人为因素主要受三大主成分影响,即城市发展(FAC₁)、农村生产及全国基础设施(FAC₂)以及资源禀赋(FAC₃)的影响;通过多元线性回归分析,与湿地退化过程中相关的指标湿地总面积(Y₁)、地表水资源量(Y₂)、天然湿地面积(Y₃)以及湿地面积占本省国土面积比(Y₄)4个指标均受FAC₁的影响且较为显著(α=0.05);Y₃与城市发展关系非常显著(α=0.01);FAC₂对Y₃与Y₄的影响较为显著;同时FAC₃对Y₃的影响较为显著。研究最后拟合出了湿地退化指标与三大主成分的拟合线性方程,并提出了相关对策建议,以期对中国湿地及其生态系统健康发展提供有益的帮助。     

Pollution level and human health risk assessment of some pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in Nantong of Southeast China

Food consumption is one of the key exposure routes of humans to contaminants. This article evaluated the residue levels of 51 pesticides and 16 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in selected fish and food items which were commonly consumed in the Nantong area of Jiangsu Province, Southeast China. The 51 pesticides and 16 PCBs were analyzed by highly sensitive gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). The results showed that organochlorine pesticides such as dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes (DDTs), hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs), hexachlorobenzene (HCB) and mirex and other pesticides including chlorpyrifos, pyrethroid pesticides, metolachlor, pyridaben and trifluralin were frequently detected in the samples, which was consistent with the accumulation level and characteristics of these toxic chemicals in human adipose tissue of people living in Nantong. Meanwhile, correlation of the residue level of toxic chemicals with their physical chemical properties and historic use pattern in Nantong area was observed. Combined with dietary survey results at the same sampling locations, human health risk assessment of ingestion through the dietary route was performed. The results suggested that the non-cancer risks of the chemicals investigated can be considered negligible in the Nantong area, however, the cancer risks from lifetime dietary exposure to DDTs and HCB have exceeded the acceptable levels.     

盐城地区地下水溶质来源及其成因分析

位于淮河下游典型冲海积平原区的盐城,地下水具有开发利用程度高,浅层水显著咸化的特点.在浅层地下水空间采样的基础上,通过各要素空间分布、Pipper、水化学侵蚀模式和富集因子法,研究离子的主要来源及其成因,探讨人类活动的作用.结果表明:①浅层地下水中溶解性总固体(TDS)范围为211～3790 mg·L-1,其中,微咸水...     

Drivers of support for citizen science across state wildlife management agencies in the United States

Citizen science (CS) is gaining recognition as a valuable approach to meet data needs for environmental projects while fostering collaboration between scientists and members of the public. Despite increasing implementation of CS by natural resource entities, organizations’ motivations for engaging in CS remain poorly understood. We examined the utility of the theory of planned behavior (TPB) and social exchange theory (SET) in identifying factors influencing support of CS by scientific organizations. To test predictions of the TPB and SET theories, we surveyed (quantitative, web based) state wildlife agency staff in the United States on their perceptions of organizational engagement in CS. We divided questions that measured TPB items into individual and organizational components to address the influence of personal- and organization-level decision-making on staff perceptions and attitudes. We used structural equation modeling to identify key constructs that influence staff support of CS in state wildlife agencies. The survey yielded 627 responses across 44 states. Both TPB and SET constructs accurately predicted staff support of CS; however, measures from SET (e.g., public engagement benefits and costs of CS to scientific credibility) were most influential (i.e., TPB constructs had less impact). Our findings indicate that organizational support for CS is primarily influenced by assessment of trade-offs among perceived costs and benefits. Indicators of support for CS were further elucidated by including measures from the TPB model. Based on our results, we suggest that natural resource entities give careful consideration to CS project design, develop thorough communication and data management plans, and practice iterative evaluation of CS project productivity.     

雷州半岛南部典型农用地土壤-作物的有机氯农药残留特征和健康风险评价

利用气相色谱-质谱法（GC-MS）测定雷州半岛南部典型农用地土壤-作物有机氯农药（OCPs）的残留含量,探究8种作物对有机氯农药的生物富集特征,并进行人体健康风险评价.结果表明,10种OCPs均有不同程度地检出,其中六六六（HCHs）和七氯是研究区主要污染物,在土壤中残留含量分别为23.83～111.51 ng·g^-1和11.01～25.97 ng·g^-1,在作物中分别为7.54～61.28 ng·g^-1和3.96～30.97 ng·g^-1,少部分土壤和作物样品中该两类OCPs存在超标情况.有87.50%土壤样品α-HCH/γ-HCH小于1,且β-HCH/α-HCH大于1,表明HCHs可能来源于近期林丹的使用和历史施用残留污染,而七氯推测主要来源于地下虫害和白蚁防治药剂的施用.不同作物对OCPs的富集能力差异较大,蔬菜类作物的生物富集能力较强,水果类较弱,且鳞茎类蔬菜（韭菜）明显强于其他蔬菜类别.人体健康风险评价表明,土壤与作物中OCPs对区域内人群基本不会造成明显的健康风险.但韭菜和辣椒作物复合污...     

福美双对斑马鱼早期胚胎原始生殖细胞和形态发育的影响

福美双是一种二硫代甲氨基甲酸盐类农药,在我国有非常广泛的应用,但其高残留性受到广泛的重视。试验使用斑马鱼胚胎作为动物模型,探讨了福美双对生殖的毒性作用。结果表明福美双虽然没有引起原始生殖细胞表达量的变化,但造成原始生殖细胞移动分布的延迟,以及诱导细胞凋亡。试验表明福美双对胚胎发育以及生殖有显著的影响,进一步说明斑马鱼胚胎可作为农药毒性评价的模型。     

Metabolic responses of indigenous bacteria in chicken faeces and maggots to multiple antibiotics via heavy water labeled single-cell Raman spectroscopy

The use of maggots derived from chicken faeces as fish diets might serve as a vehicle for the widespread of multiple antibiotic resistant bacteria(ARB) in the environment. Heavy water labeled single-cell Raman spectroscopy(D 2 O-Raman) was applied to detect the metabolic responses of indigenous bacteria in chicken faeces and maggots to different concentrations of combined colistin, kanamycin, and vancomycin. By incubating the samples with D 2 O and antibiotics, metabolically active bacterial cel...     

基于卫星遥感的生态保护红线人类活动提取方法研究

目前全国生态保护红线划定工作基本结束,开展生态保护红线监管工作事关国家生态安全,是今后我国生态保护的重要举措和重点工作。依托国家生态保护红线监管平台监管业务系统,研究基于卫星遥感的生态保护红线人类活动提取方法和流程,并以宁夏为例,验证其科学性和可靠性。结果显示:基于卫星遥感技术构建的方法精度较高,可操作性较强,为生态保护红线人类活动监管提供了思路;使用该技术方法的作业效率相比人工解译提升了2~3倍,提取的宁夏生态破坏问题图斑准确率达到66%,人类活动提取准确率更是达到95%,能够满足生态保护红线人类活动监管需求;宁夏55%的县(区、市)生态保护红线内发现新增和规模扩大人类活动,从空间分布来看,主要集中在西部和南部,北部和中部分布较少,其中彭阳县、沙坡头区和中宁县人类活动影响面积最大。     

人体动力特性振动台试验研究

随着社会发展和经济水平的提高,人们对于生产、生活的环境质量要求也不断提升,因而环境振动已越来越多的引起了社会的关注,为了研究环境振动对人体的影响,需要了解人体动力特性和在振动环境下的响应。对20名受试者以站、坐、躺姿进行了水平两向输入白噪声的振动台试验,测得人体头、肩、腹、上肢、下肢五个部位的振动响应,通过对人体各部分振动频率与身高、体重、年龄的关系分析,给出了人体频率分布规律。     

组织定向的人因失误因果模型及影响关系研究

为了更好地从源头上预防人因失误,首先,基于系统理论发展一个组织定向人因失误的"结构-行为"因果模型,包括组织子模型、情境状态子模型、个体因素子模型以及人因失误子模型。然后,分析模型中各子模型之间以及其因素类别之间的直接和间接影响关系,如模型中各层级之间的因果关系:组织因素→情境状态因素→直接触发人因失误的个体因素→人的认知行为失误。最后,基于事件报告分析、专家意见和文献资料,并依据建立的4种影响类型(I,C,A,N)识别具体情境环境与人因失误或认知行为之间的影响关系。分析结果表明,情境环境因素对人因失误的影响非常复杂,不同的情境环境因素对同一人因失误可能产生不同类型的影响,同一情境环境因素对不同的人因失误可能产生不同类型的影响。