Roles of Patch Characteristics,Drought Frequency,and Restoration in Long‐Term Trends of a Widespread Amphibian

Despite the high profile of amphibian declines and the increasing threat of drought and fragmentation to aquatic ecosystems, few studies have examined long‐term rates of change for a single species across a large geographic area. We analyzed growth in annual egg‐mass counts of the Columbia spotted frog (Rana luteiventris) across the northwestern United States, an area encompassing 3 genetic clades. On the basis of data collected by multiple partners from 98 water bodies between 1991 and 2011, we used state‐space and linear‐regression models to measure effects of patch characteristics, frequency of summer drought, and wetland restoration on population growth. Abundance increased in the 2 clades with greatest decline history, but declined where populations are considered most secure. Population growth was negatively associated with temporary hydroperiods and landscape modification (measured by the human footprint index), but was similar in modified and natural water bodies. The effect of drought was mediated by the size of the water body: populations in large water bodies maintained positive growth despite drought, whereas drought magnified declines in small water bodies. Rapid growth in restored wetlands in areas of historical population declines provided strong evidence of successful management. Our results highlight the importance of maintaining large areas of habitat and underscore the greater vulnerability of small areas of habitat to environmental stochasticity. Similar long‐term growth rates in modified and natural water bodies and rapid, positive responses to restoration suggest pond construction and other forms of management can effectively increase population growth. These tools are likely to become increasingly important to mitigate effects of increased drought expected from global climate change. Papeles de las Características del Fragmento, Frecuencia de Sequía y Restauración en las Tendencias a Largo Plazo de un Anfibio Ampliamente Distribuido     

人类健康风险的定量评估与分析

通过深入研究．将人类健康风险解析环境污染、食物安全、疾病流行和医疗保障四个方面。在建立一套评价人类健康风险指标体系的基础上。对40个样本国家进行评估。用聚类分析的方法．将40个国家分为四类，在对每一类国家的人类健康风险特点进行对比发现，在同等经济发展水平下，中国的人类健康风险相对较高。通过分析人类健康风险与经济发展水平的关系得出,人均GNI 1000，3000美元是国家经济发展的关键时期。同样也是改善人类健康状况的关键时期，这一时期国家要高度重视改善人类健康状况。     

人类活动对松嫩平原生态环境的影响

探讨人类活动对松嫩平原的影响 ,有助于了解生态环境退化的过程与机制 ,对于退化生态环境的改善意义重大。本文在分析松嫩平原生态环境的脆弱性、人类活动史、人类的活动方式及人类活动对生态环境影响的基础上 ,指出人类活动干扰并破坏了生态环境的缓冲因子 ,使退化因子的作用因失去缓冲因子的制衡而加强 ,引起土地沙化和盐渍化。文章还论述了生态环境的脆弱性、外部干扰和生态环境退化之间的关系以及松嫩平原生态环境的演化机制 ,从而引导人类遵从自然规律     

Occupant behavior in a six-storey office building fallowing severe earthquake damage

In the Imperial County, California, earthquake of 15th October 1979, the Imperial County Services Building was seriously damaged — and has subsequently been demolished. At the time of the earthquake there were approximately 123 occupants in the six-storey reinforced concrete building which housed a number of county service departments. This paper investigates occupant behavior in a building subjected to an earthquake, and describes, in detail, what people do during and immediately subsequent to the shock.     

桐梓河流域输沙量变化及其对气候和人类活动的响应

基于桐梓河流域二郎坝水文站1975-2015年长时间序列降水、蒸散量及输沙量数据,通过累积距平法、Morlet小波分析和Hurst指数等数理统计方法;定量分析了流域40年以来输沙量的演变过程以及未来变化趋势,并应用累积量斜率变化率比较法定量评估了研究区降雨量变化和人类活动对流域输沙量变化的影响和贡献率。研究结果表明：（1）40年来流域降水量介于608.10~1132.70 mm之间,其平均值为829.00 mm,呈不显著减小趋势,年均减小量为-3.10 mm/a。（2）流域年输沙量介于0.44万~478.01万t,其平均值为64.68万t,呈极显著减少趋势,减少速率为-4.13万t/a。未来流域输沙量呈持续递减趋势,但10年后将呈现出增加趋势。（3）1989年为流域输沙量的突变年份,1989年以前呈现上升趋势,1989年之后呈显著下降趋势,且突变年份后输沙量较突变年份前减少了76.82%。（4）输沙量存在12年左右的年代际震荡周期,形成了两个高震荡周期和一个低震荡中心,高震荡周期位于1976-1979年以及1986-1992年,低震荡周期位于1979-1985年。（5）多年季节输沙量呈持续性减少趋势,夏季输沙量在8年之后可能呈现出增加趋势,而其他季节则不存在持续性周期。（6）以1975-1989为基准期,降水量和人类活动对流域输沙量的贡献在1990-2015年分别达到4.87%和95.14%;如果考虑蒸发量对流域输沙量的影响,则人类活动对桐梓河流域径流量变化的贡献率在2003-2015年会增加到98.65%。流域输沙量在1990-2015年的减少主要由人类活动控制,人类活动每年导致输沙量减少1.57万t。     

基于人类行为视角的市县国土空间总体规划管控措施编制思路探究

在明确国土空间规划应融合多规,以主体控制线统一管控分区,强化底线约束,实施用途管制的前提下,管控措施编制对国土空间规划管控策略、管控体系的构建与实施至关重要。本研究的目的是探索基于人类行为的市县国土空间总体规划管控措施编制思路。尝试从人类行为视角进一步延伸管控思路,并衔接现行法律法规、部门规章等管控文件作为编制参照,根据人类行为与自然资源、国土空间的作用关系,结合行为开展与分区用途是否匹配,推导相关行为在对应市县国土空间总体规划管控分区的管控措施,以期为实现国土空间规划精准落地和国土空间资源保护与开发精细化管理提供参考。     

距离相关分析法在航空维修人为差错分析中的应用

目的为有效预防人为差错,制定相应可靠的预防机制和措施提供科学依据。方法将距离相关分析法应用到航空维修人为差错综合分析中,计算出航空维修人为差错相关系数,对各个影响因素进行数学化表达。结合距离相关分析理论,对相关系数进行定性分析。结果该方法切实可行,分析结果易于理解,影响航空维修人为差错的各个因素之间有着密不可分的联系。因组织管理与因业务技能因素导致的人为差错的相关系数为0.983。结论制定预防航空维修人为差错的措施时,应将各个因素进行综合考量。     

中国沙尘暴时空特征及人类活动对其发展趋势的影响

分析了近５０年来我国沙尘暴天气的时空分布特征和历史时期以来我国沙尘暴天气的发展趋势。在分析沙暴天气发生机理的基础上,着重探讨了人类活动对我国沙尘暴天气发展趋势的影响。     

国有企业干部考核评价方法研究简

国有企业缺乏一套适应企业自身的行之有效的干部考核评价机制,导致管理粗放、责任不清、效益低下,影响企业整体的发展。根据人力资源管理理论,通过对建立企业干部考核评价体系理论的研究,结合企业的实际,提出了一套企业干部考核评价体系的较为科学、具有可操作性的方法和措施。     

Change of Flood Patterns in China under the Influences of Climate Change and Human Activities

Abstract

Based on the flood affected area (FA) data of the provinces in China from 1950 to 2005, the article discusses the change of the flood patterns in China, and investigates its relationship with climate change and human activities. The flood center shifted from North China and the Yangtze–Huaihe basin in the 1950s towards the south, north and west of China, and located in the south of the Yangtze River and South China after the 1990s. The FA in the western provinces was continuously on the rise since the 1950s. There are two characteristics for the future flood pattern in China. The pattern of “flood in the south and drought in the north” depends on the north–south shift of the maximum rainfall region in eastern China. The flood intensification to the west of Hu Huanyong’s line mainly results from the increase of rainfall, extreme precipitation and the melting of glaciers under the background of human activity magnification.