Genotoxicity evaluation of drinking water sources in human peripheral blood lymphocytes using the comet assay

The potential harm of organic pollutants in drinking water to human health is widely focused on in the wodd; more and more pollutants with genotoxic substances are released into the aquatic environment. Water source samples were collected from 7 different localities of Nanjing City. The potential genotoxicity of organic extracts from drinking water sources were investigated by means of the comet assay in human peripheral lymphocytes. The results showed that all the organic extracts from all the water source samples could induce DNA damages of human peripheral blood lymphocytes at different levels. A significant difference （P 〈 0.01） was observed when compared with the solvent control, The DNA damage increased with the increase of the dosage of the original water source. Significant differences of DNA damage were observed in different drinking water sources, as shown by the multiple comparisons analysis at the dosage of 100x; the degree of DNA damage treated by Hushu waterworks （at town level） was the most serious, the arbitrary units （AU） was 141.62±6.96, however, that of Shangyuanmen waterworks （at city level） was only 109.64±2.97. The analysis also revealed that the genotoxicity of town＇s water sources was higher than that of the city. The results demonstrated that the comet assay can be successfully applied to the genotoxicity monitoring programs of drinking water sources.     

湖滨带类型划分研究

随着湖滨带生态系统的退化,其恢复和管理成为研究热点。由于湖滨带具有空间异质性,分区规划治理是其恢复的重要指导思想,而湖滨带类型划分是分区规划治理的重要依据。根据确定的原则及对湖滨带影响因素的分析,选取气候、湖滨带整体地貌形态、湖滨带地貌发育状况和人类的开发利用方式为分类依据,建立湖滨带四级分类体系,将湖滨带划分为山地型、平原型、河口型和专有型4大类型、细分为14种亚类型,并对每类湖滨带的特点进行了分析。     

镍对人体健康的危害效应及其机理研究

镍是人体必需的生命元素,但过量的镍会对人体造成危害。本文主要从镍可引起炎症、癌症、神经衰弱症、系统紊乱、降低生育能力、致畸和致突变等方面概述镍对人体健康的危害效应,并从镍能影响遗传物质的合成、影响多种酶和内分泌腺的作用、引起基因点突变、基因丢失、基因扩增、产生“镍指”、形成N i2＋-肽复合物、诱导产生活性氧及其影响电解质中的离子含量等多方面阐述了镍对人体健康危害效应的机理,以期对防治重金属对人体的危害提供一些理论依据。     

流动注射在线萃取—火焰原子吸收光谱法测定人发中微量镉和铅

本文建立了一个流动注射在线萃取－火焰原子吸收测定人发中微量镉和铅的方法，对含Ｃｄ和Ｐｂ分别为０．０２μｇ／ｍｌ和０．２０μｇ／ｍｌ的溶液，其相对标准偏差分别为３．４％和３．８％（ｎ＝９），Ｃｄ和Ｐｂ的灵敏度分别提高２１倍和２３倍，分析速度达３６次／ｈ，Ｃｄ和Ｐｂ的回收率分别在８７．３％－９７．０％和９１．９％－１０７．３％之间，文中还详细研究了各种实验参数的选择，测定人发样的结果与文献值相符。     

Congener-specific analysis of polychlorinated biphenyl in human blood from Japanese

Polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners were analyzed by high resolution gas chromatography/high resolution mass spectrometry (HRGC/HRMS) of whole blood samples taken from 24 healthy adult Japanese volunteers (12 males and 12 females; age range 25–46 years). On average, 95 PCB congeners were detected in whole blood samples. The mean of total PCB concentration in whole blood was 771.9 pg g^–1 whole blood (139.6 ng per g-lipid). Congener-specific analysis identified the predominant PCB congeners as #153 (22.2), #180 (11.6), #138 (8.4), #182/187 (6.6), #118 (5.6), #163/164 (5.0), #99 (3.9), #74 (3.6), #146 (3.3), #170 (3.0) and #156 (2.2), representing 75.6 of all PCBs detected in the human blood samples. Among the predominant PCB congeners, #153, #180, #138, #187 #118, #99 and #74 had chlorine as the substituent at the 2-, 4- and 5- positions of the phenyl-ring. In human blood in Japanese individuals, it is assumed that these congeners would be characteristic of the entire population, based on the relation between PCB ingestion and metabolism. Measuring 209 PCB congeners has the advantage of providing detailed information regarding the congener distribution within the blood samples, which can be compared to congener patterns in other matrices. Congener-specific analysis of 209 PCB congeners is especially useful in evaluating human exposure to PCBs.     

Integrating Habitat Status, Human Population Pressure, and Protection Status into Biodiversity Conservation Priority Setting

Abstract:  Priority setting is an essential component of biodiversity conservation. Existing methods to identify priority areas for conservation have focused almost entirely on biological factors. We suggest a new relative ranking method for identifying priority conservation areas that integrates both biological and social aspects. It is based on the following criteria: the habitat's status, human population pressure, human efforts to protect habitat, and number of endemic plant and vertebrate species. We used this method to rank 25 hotspots, 17 megadiverse countries, and the hotspots within each megadiverse country. We used consistent, comprehensive, georeferenced, and multiband data sets and analytical remote sensing and geographic information system tools to quantify habitat status, human population pressure, and protection status. The ranking suggests that the Philippines, Atlantic Forest, Mediterranean Basin, Caribbean Islands, Caucasus, and Indo-Burma are the hottest hotspots and that China, the Philippines, and India are the hottest megadiverse countries. The great variation in terms of habitat, protected areas, and population pressure among the hotspots, the megadiverse countries, and the hotspots within the same country suggests the need for hotspot- and country-specific conservation policies.     

Effects of Tourists on Behavior and Demography of Olympic Marmots

Abstract:  If changes in animal behavior resulting from direct human disturbance negatively affect the persistence of a given species or population, then these behavioral changes must necessarily lead to reduced demographic performance. We tested for the effects of human disturbance on Olympic marmots ( Marmota olympus ), a large ground-dwelling squirrel that has disappeared from several areas where recreation levels are high. We assessed the degree to which antipredator and foraging behavior and demographic rates (survival and reproduction) differed between sites with high recreation levels (high use) and those with little or no recreation (low use). Compared with the marmots at low-use sites, marmots at high-use sites displayed significantly reduced responses to human approach, which could be construed as successful accommodation of disturbance or as a decrease in predator awareness. The marmots at high-use sites also looked up more often while foraging, which suggests an increased wariness. Marmots at both types of sites had comparable reproductive and survival rates and were in similar body condition. Until now, the supposition that marmots can adjust their behavior to avoid negative demographic consequences when confronted with heavy tourism has been based on potentially ambiguous behavioral data. Our results support this hypothesis in the case of Olympic marmots and demonstrate the importance of considering demographic data when evaluating the impacts of recreation on animal populations.     

现代生态农业与农业安全

现代生态农业是现代农业的发展方向；现代生态农业的核心是农业的可持续发展，其重要内容是农业安全。文章着重提出现代生态农业的基本概念与内涵，指出现代生态农业是以生态理论为基础，以现代生态农业技术为手段，通过农业与环境，生态与经济的平衡，达到农业可持续发展、农业安全和人类健康的最终目标。在总结国家发展现代生态农业的经验的基础上，列举了我国东南沿海经济发达地区(包括江苏省)存在的生态环境质量和农业安全问题，最后提出现代生态农业建设和解决农业安全问题的对策与建议。     

南极菲尔德斯半岛空气微生物含量初报

南极菲尔德斯半岛外空气微生物的采样站分作３种类型，类型Ｉ．科考站及附近区域，类型Ⅱ．大型动物出没区，类型Ⅲ大型动物少，且保持荒凉状态区，结果显示，Ｉ类型区室外空气微生物含量明显高于Ⅲ类型区，平均Ｉ区有４９９４ｃｆｕ．ｍ＾－３，Ⅲ区仅１６ｃｕｆ．ｍ＾－３，结果提示，菲尔德斯半岛空气微生物已受到人类活动的干扰。     

Levels of PCDDs, PCDFs and non-ortho PCBs in serum samples of non-exposed individuals living in Madrid (Spain)

In an attempt to evaluate the background levels of PCDDs, PCDFs and non-ortho PCBs in people living in Madrid (Spain), blood serum samples had been analyzed PCDD, PCDF and coplanar PCB levels from non exposed individuals are reported in this study. Average levels found were 515.29 ppt for total PCDDs, 66.73 ppt for total PCDFs and 85.47 ppt for non-ortho PCBs on a lipid weight basis Calculated I-TEQ values were 8.78 ppt for PCDDs, 6.96 for PCDFs and 7.03 for coplanar PCBs on a lipid weight basis.