API MODEL 100A光路系统对二氧化硫测定值的影响

通过比较二氧化硫测定值与紫外灯强度、紫外检测器调节值及光电倍增管高压值的关系，提出二氧化硫测定值与紫外灯强度、光电倍增管高压值成正比，与紫外检测调节值成反比的结论，并对仪器校准提出了有效性建议。     

H2O2 formation from photocatalytic processes at the ZnO/water interface

The paper focuses on the production of H2O2 by photocatalysis over ZnO in an aerated aqueous phase. The presence of different reductants that increase the H2O2 production in the aqueous phase is analysed; particular attention is paid to nitrite, which has been shown to be the reductant that produces the most significant increments in the H2O2 production. The photocatalytic anodic decomposition of ZnO in the presence of the different reductants is also investigated. From the results obtained, the relevance of the ZnO photocatalysis in the formation of environmental hydrogen peroxide is estimated.     

人粪便好氧堆肥过程中典型抗生素的消减特性

以人粪便和锯末为试验材料,进行3种不同温度(55℃、35℃和无温控)控制条件下的好氧堆肥试验,对比温度对堆肥过程中4种人们大量应用的抗生素(四环素、金霉素、磺胺嘧啶和环丙沙星)消减特性的影响.同时分别对抗生素在水环境、锯末载体和人粪便加锯末堆肥中的降解进行针对性试验,分析人粪便好氧堆肥中影响抗生素降解的主要因素或作用,并对其贡献进行了评价.结果表明,4种抗生素在高温堆肥中的去除效果最好,其去除率都在90%以上.相比磺胺嘧啶和环丙沙星,金霉素和四环素的降解对堆肥温度依赖更强.四环素和金霉素在堆肥中的去除主要为水解作用导致的去除,而磺胺嘧啶和环丙沙星的去除则主要归因于锯末有机质对其吸附的影响.与其它3种抗生素不同,微生物作用对堆肥中环丙沙星降解的影响是重要的,贡献率接近20%.     

四环素对人粪便好氧堆肥过程及微生物群落演替的影响

以人粪便和锯末为实验材料,研究了四环素(TC)对好氧堆肥过程中理化性质、酶活性以及微生物群落演替的影响.实验共设4个处理:CK(不添加TC)、TC100(100 mg·kg~(-1)TC)、TC250(250 mg·kg~(-1)TC)和TC500(500 mg·kg~(-1)TC).采用高通量16S rRNA基因测序技术对堆肥中微生物群落结构进行分析.结果表明,TC对堆肥理化性质的影响与其浓度有关,堆肥中TC浓度的增加显著抑制了堆肥温度的升高,增加了水溶性碳(WSC)的残留,降低了种子发芽率(GI)并抑制了脱氢酶活性(DHA).堆肥温度、WSC、GI和DHA等堆肥参数都可以用来表征堆肥的腐熟度,以上结果表明堆肥中TC浓度高达500 mg·kg~(-1)时,TC阻碍了人粪便好氧堆肥过程并影响堆肥产物的腐熟.而且,TC浓度的增加显著改变了堆肥中的微生物群落演替,降低了微生物的多样性和丰度.TC对堆肥过程和堆肥产物腐熟的主要不利影响是对微生物群落结构的干扰和对生物活性的抑制.     

不同培养方式下絮状污泥颗粒化特性和灰色关联度分析

为探索好氧颗粒污泥形成机理,开展了不同培养方式下絮状污泥颗粒化特性研究.选取3种培养方式:人工配水培养、海藻酸钠强化培养和农村模拟污水培养,利用灰色关联分析法,对比3种不同培养方式下,污泥颗粒化过程中各影响因素灰色关联度系数,筛选好氧颗粒污泥培养的关键因素.研究发现,人工配水培养方式下经过40 d成功出现好氧颗粒污泥,投加海藻酸钠强化培养方式下经过20 d出现好氧颗粒污泥,农村模拟污水经过55 d培养出好氧颗粒污泥.3种培养方式下出现的好氧颗粒污泥均具有密实的结构和较好的沉降性能,同时可实现对污染物的高效去除.利用数据处理系统(Data Processing System,DPS)对各影响因素的灰色关联度进行分析,发现不同培养方式下污泥颗粒化过程中起主导作用的影响因素并非唯一,水力停留时间和胞外聚合物在各培养方式中均具有较高的关联度系数,对好氧颗粒污泥的形成具有关键作用.     

HFACS中不安全监管因素与事故致因24 Model中不安全动作因素的对比分析

为了使HFACS这种事故分析方法能够在我国各种类型事故中得到应用,研究了HFACS的不安全监管因素中各指标的定义和分类,并将其与事故致因24 Model中的不安全动作因素进行对比,得出两者的对应关系和各自特点。结果表明:HFACS中多数不安全监管因素属于24 Model中的不安全动作,这些不安全动作的发出者都是监管者;24 Model中不安全动作的发出者既可以是事故的直接引发者,也可以是监管者。从监管的范畴来看,HFACS中不安全监管因素的范围小于24 Model中的监管范围,只包括组织内部的监管。     

基于DEMATEL的铁路行车人因事故关键因素实证分析

针对铁路行车人因事故受多因素交互影响的问题,提出了一种基于信息熵和DEMATEL法耦合的铁路行车人因事故关键因素实证分析方法。首先依据铁路行车人因事故认知行为模型,从感知、决策、计划和执行4个过程分析铁路行车人因事故的影响因素;然后综合运用信息熵和DEMATEL法构建关键因素量化识别模型,利用中心度和原因度两个参数分析铁路行车人因事故的关键影响因素;最后,结合2008—2013年铁路行车人因事故数据进行实证分析。结果表明,机车操作人员相关情形记忆失误、情景诊断失误、未严格执行操作规则和采取错误行动是铁路行车人因事故的关键影响因素。     

Improved recovery of repeat intoxicated drivers using fingernails and blood spots to monitor alcohol and other substance abuse

Objectives: This study reports the results of a pilot program in Kenosha County that used a combination of direct biomarkers extracted from blood spots and nails to monitor repeat intoxicated drivers for their use of alcohol and drugs with a detection window spanning from 3 weeks to several months. The objectives were to test whether the direct biomarkers phosphatidylethanol (PEth), ethylglucuronide (EtG), and 5 drug metabolites would (1) help assessors obtain a more objective evaluation of repeat offenders during the assessment interview, (2) allow for timely identification of relapses and improve classification of drivers into risk categories, and (3) predict recidivism by identifying offenders most likely to obtain a subsequent operating while intoxicated (OWI) offense within 4 years of enrollment in the program.

Methods: All (N = 261) repeat offenders were tested using PEth obtained from blood spots and EtG obtained from fingernails; 159 participants were also tested for a 5 drugs of abuse nail panel. Drivers were tested immediately after the assessment interview (baseline) and at 3, 6, 9, and 12 months after baseline. Based on biomarker results and self-reports of abstinence, offenders were classified into different risk categories and required to follow specific testing timelines based on the program's decision tree.

Results: The baseline analysis shows that 60% of drivers tested positive for alcohol biomarkers (EtG, PEth, or both) at the assessment interview, with lower detection rates (0–11%) for the 5 drug metabolites. The comparison of biomarkers results to self-reports of abstinence identified 28% of all offenders as high risk and assigned them to more frequent testing and more intense monitoring. The longitudinal analysis shows that 56% (completers) of participants completed the program successfully and the remaining 44% (noncompliant) terminated prematurely. Two thirds (68%) of the completers were able to reduce or control their drinking and one third relapsed at least one time during their mandated monitoring periods. After a brief intervention by the assessors, 79% of relapsers tested negative for biomarkers in their repeat tests. The rearrest analysis showed that offenders classified in the noncompliant and relapsers groups were 7 times more likely to receive a new OWI 4 years after enrollment compared to drivers classified as abstainers or controllers. Refractory drivers were monitored the longest and reported no subsequent rearrests.

Conclusion: These findings demonstrate the benefits of more individualized interventions with repeat OWI offenders and calls for further development of multimodal approaches in traffic medicine including those that use direct alcohol biomarkers as evidence-based practices to reduce recidivism.     

黏胶纤维厂特征污染因子的筛选及其对河流水质的影响

以丹东化学纤维公司为例,对黏胶纤维厂生产工艺进行了分析,并对其污染源进行了调查、监测,物料衡算及污染因子的评价,筛选出了主要污染物、特征污染物与评价因子,并运用水质预测模型对其纳污河流的水质影响进行了研究。     

磁化-厌氧生物降解有机物的影响机理分析

磁化对好氧生物降解有机物的研究较多,文章在厌氧条件下,采用不同磁场强度,对不同种类的有机污水进行实验分析;结果表明,在厌氧条件下,磁处理对提高水中有机物分解更为显著;在实验的基础上,分析了磁处理对厌氧生物降解有机物的影响因素,并探讨了磁化-厌氧生物降解有机物的机理。