Impact of climatic shocks on child human capital: evidence from young lives data

This study attempts to assess the impact of two different climatic shocks, drought and excessive rainfall/flood, as perceived by households on child human capital across four countries: Ethiopia, India, Peru and Vietnam – countries with diverse socio-economic backgrounds. Human capital, in this context, subsumes both child learning and health outcomes. The data source is the Young Lives Study and cross-sectional household data on the older cohort of children (between 14 and 16 years of age) are utilized, for the year 2009. The enrolment rate, Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test, Cloze test and Math test scores are used as proxies for child learning outcomes. The health outcome variables being studied are the WHO-defined Body Mass Index z-scores and Height for Age z-scores. The overall objective is to study heterogeneity in responses to shock in terms of the development of human capital across the set of countries considered. Additionally, the study elaborates on the role of institutional help, during crisis, and the role of household characteristics in buffering these climatic shocks.     

地勘行业人因失误的影响因素及管理对策

地勘行业是矿产资源开发的龙头,对国民经济的发展具有重要的作用。通过对地勘行业人因失误的类型和影响因素进行分析,从而提出了相应的管理对策,对加强地勘行业的安全管理,促进地勘经济的长足发展具有重要的意义。     

基于人体健康风险的水污染事件遗传性致癌物安全浓度研究

确定水污染事件中遗传性致癌物短期暴露安全浓度,是目前我国水环境管理中急需解决的问题.在假设遗传性致癌物暴露剂量与致癌风险呈线性相关的前提下,提出了水体中遗传性致癌物安全浓度计算流程,建立了采用遗传性致癌物终生暴露安全浓度计算短期暴露安全浓度的方法.在我国2000～2010年间发生的60起水污染事故中,特征污染物为砷的水污染事件为6起,占总污染事件比例为10%,这一结果表明砷为我国水污染事件中高发的特征污染物.根据水污染事件遗传性致癌物短期暴露安全浓度计算方法,得出砷短期暴露安全浓度为0.5 mg.L-1,表明该方法在水污染事件应急管理中具有一定的可行性.     

紫外诱变法提高好氧反硝化菌降解性能的研究

采用紫外诱变方法对从污水处理厂活性污泥中筛得的1株好氧反硝化菌(YS)进行处理,得到1株突变菌株(TB),考察了诱变前后2菌株的理化性能及反硝化能力的变化.结果表明,菌株TB的反硝化能力得到改善.在相同实验条件下,菌株TB对硝酸根的去除能力可从菌株YS的87%提高至93%,培养基中的亚硝酸根浓度从212.48 mg.L-1减少到37.62 mg.L-1,去除率从15%快速提高至85%,表明菌株TB对亚硝酸根的去除能力大幅提高,且传代前后菌株TB对硝酸根和亚硝酸根的去除率变化不大,遗传稳定性较好.对两菌株的反硝化性能影响因素的研究比较发现菌株YS的最适条件为:接种量1.5%左右,pH为6,C/N比为10,碳源为葡萄糖;而菌株TB的最适条件为:接种量1.5%左右,pH为9,C/N比为10,碳源为琥珀酸钠.     

Study on Human Capital Valve Quantity Model and Investment Featuers

Abstract

In this paper, human capital is considered a kind of goods in terms of investment. Basic consumption and profit margin are the two important components of human capital goods value. Compared with that of the material capital, the human capital consumption has the following features. The importance of human capital investment determined by the supply-demand mechanism, is growing gradually; The course of investment and return takes a long period of time; Human capital is characterized by strong technicality and weak negotiability; The investment profit margin is changeable and discriminating.     

Index System and Influence of Drought in Northwest China

Abstract

In this paper, the index systems of the agricultural drought and decrease percentage of grain crop are established. The trend and influence of drought in the region is analyzed based on the 50 years (1951–2000) statistical data of precipitation and 52 years (1951–2002) agricultural drought of the region, including five provinces: Shaanxi, Gansu, Ningxia, Qinghai and Xinjiang. The result shows that the drought disaster is increasing and the most serious were in the 1970s and 1990s, and main agricultural drought is a great disaster incident. The regression prediction equation of drought and flood grades and agricultural drought areas grades are set up by the harmonic wave method, and forecasting the drought will lighten during the first ten years of the 21st century.     

A study on the dilemmas of resource utilization and tourism in Africa

This paper explores, explains and discusses issues around the dilemma between local conservation of natural resources (often, endangered species and habitats) and tourism needs in Africa. Often and in constitutional terms, local people have a right to exploit and use resources endowed in their local area. However, tourists often are interested in viewing the vegetation and animal resources undisturbed. Inevitably, there is an undeclared animosity of values and interests between local communities and tourists and state agencies. As a result, the dilemma is thus of governance. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate the governance dilemma of resource utilization and tourism in Africa in a bid to create an informed stewardship framework for sustainability. This is achieved by way of case studies and narratives from Africa. As such, this paper will be a review literature on how different communities perceive tourism and derive livelihoods from their immediate environment. It also explains how the external factors influence local needs and interests. A more sustainable and operational framework that reduces friction among stakeholders is suggested.     

基于多源遥感数据及DEM的人口统计数据空间化——以浙江省为例

利用DMSP/OLS遥感夜间灯光数据进行人口等社会经济数据的空间化时,往往受到其较低的空间分辨率、像元过饱和以及像元溢出现象的影响。植被指数（如NDVI）与不透水面呈负相关关系,与夜间灯光数据在反映人类活动、提取建成区方面可以互补,将这两种数据融合可以有效减少夜灯数据像元过饱和等因素引起的误差。通过进一步融合DEM数据对基于DMSP/OLS夜间灯光数据和NDVI构建的人居指数进行了海拔修正,基于修正后的人居指数与统计人口之间很强的线性相关建立人口空间化模型,获得2010年浙江省1 km×1 km分辨率下的人口密度空间分布。模拟结果显示,浙江省平均人口密度为515人/km2,模拟的平均相对误差为183%,相比海拔订正前的模拟误差减少约5%,表明利用多源遥感数据融合后的人居指数在省级尺度上模拟人口空间分布的精度较高     

侧风对近距平行跑道配对运行安全的影响*

为探究侧风对配对运行时间间隔及跑道容量的影响,基于飞机近距平行跑道的管制要求和运行理念,根据尾流的产生过程、运动特性及配对进近运行模式的特点,对有侧风作用下配对飞机之间的最大时间间隔及跑道容量进行研究。针对侧风加速尾流消散的情况,阐述有侧风影响时实施配对进近的条件,建立侧风影响下飞机配对时间间隔变化模型,并分别从侧风风力大小和风向角度2个方面对不同配对机型下的最大时间间隔和跑道容量进行分析;以上海浦东机场跑道为例,计算侧风影响时不同配对机型下的配对时间间隔。研究结果表明:本文所构建模型可以准确把握侧风影响下配对运行飞机之间的特征,模型具有可行性,研究结果可为我国平行跑道建设提供参考。     

Effects of human footprint and biophysical factors on the body-size structure of fished marine species

Marine fisheries in coastal ecosystems in many areas of the world have historically removed large-bodied individuals, potentially impairing ecosystem functioning and the long-term sustainability of fish populations. Reporting on size-based indicators that link to food-web structure can contribute to ecosystem-based management, but the application of these indicators over large (cross-ecosystem) geographical scales has been limited to either fisheries-dependent catch data or diver-based methods restricted to shallow waters (<20 m) that can misrepresent the abundance of large-bodied fished species. We obtained data on the body-size structure of 82 recreationally or commercially targeted marine demersal teleosts from 2904 deployments of baited remote underwater stereo-video (stereo-BRUV). Sampling was at up to 50 m depth and covered approximately 10,000 km of the continental shelf of Australia. Seascape relief, water depth, and human gravity (i.e., a proxy of human impacts) were the strongest predictors of the probability of occurrence of large fishes and the abundance of fishes above the minimum legal size of capture. No-take marine reserves had a positive effect on the abundance of fishes above legal size, although the effect varied across species groups. In contrast, sublegal fishes were best predicted by gradients in sea surface temperature (mean and variance). In areas of low human impact, large fishes were about three times more likely to be encountered and fishes of legal size were approximately five times more abundant. For conspicuous species groups with contrasting habitat, environmental, and biogeographic affinities, abundance of legal-size fishes typically declined as human impact increased. Our large-scale quantitative analyses highlight the combined importance of seascape complexity, regions with low human footprint, and no-take marine reserves in protecting large-bodied fishes across a broad range of species and ecosystem configurations.