侧风对近距平行跑道配对运行安全的影响*

为探究侧风对配对运行时间间隔及跑道容量的影响,基于飞机近距平行跑道的管制要求和运行理念,根据尾流的产生过程、运动特性及配对进近运行模式的特点,对有侧风作用下配对飞机之间的最大时间间隔及跑道容量进行研究。针对侧风加速尾流消散的情况,阐述有侧风影响时实施配对进近的条件,建立侧风影响下飞机配对时间间隔变化模型,并分别从侧风风力大小和风向角度2个方面对不同配对机型下的最大时间间隔和跑道容量进行分析;以上海浦东机场跑道为例,计算侧风影响时不同配对机型下的配对时间间隔。研究结果表明:本文所构建模型可以准确把握侧风影响下配对运行飞机之间的特征,模型具有可行性,研究结果可为我国平行跑道建设提供参考。     

Effects of human footprint and biophysical factors on the body-size structure of fished marine species

Marine fisheries in coastal ecosystems in many areas of the world have historically removed large-bodied individuals, potentially impairing ecosystem functioning and the long-term sustainability of fish populations. Reporting on size-based indicators that link to food-web structure can contribute to ecosystem-based management, but the application of these indicators over large (cross-ecosystem) geographical scales has been limited to either fisheries-dependent catch data or diver-based methods restricted to shallow waters (<20 m) that can misrepresent the abundance of large-bodied fished species. We obtained data on the body-size structure of 82 recreationally or commercially targeted marine demersal teleosts from 2904 deployments of baited remote underwater stereo-video (stereo-BRUV). Sampling was at up to 50 m depth and covered approximately 10,000 km of the continental shelf of Australia. Seascape relief, water depth, and human gravity (i.e., a proxy of human impacts) were the strongest predictors of the probability of occurrence of large fishes and the abundance of fishes above the minimum legal size of capture. No-take marine reserves had a positive effect on the abundance of fishes above legal size, although the effect varied across species groups. In contrast, sublegal fishes were best predicted by gradients in sea surface temperature (mean and variance). In areas of low human impact, large fishes were about three times more likely to be encountered and fishes of legal size were approximately five times more abundant. For conspicuous species groups with contrasting habitat, environmental, and biogeographic affinities, abundance of legal-size fishes typically declined as human impact increased. Our large-scale quantitative analyses highlight the combined importance of seascape complexity, regions with low human footprint, and no-take marine reserves in protecting large-bodied fishes across a broad range of species and ecosystem configurations.     

2015~2020年洪泽湖浮游植物群落结构及其环境影响因子

洪泽湖是南水北调东线工程的重要调蓄湖泊,在气候调节、防洪防汛等方面起着重要的作用.为研究洪泽湖浮游植物群落结构演替及与环境因子的关系,了解“十年禁渔”前洪泽湖生态系统状况,于2015～2020年进行了逐月监测.研究期间,总氮(TN)年平均浓度从2017年之后呈显著下降趋势,总磷(TP)和化学需氧量(COD)总体呈下降趋势,水温无明显变化趋势,水深和透明度从2015～2018年上升,之后显著下降.调查期间共鉴定有浮游植物8门102属310种,浮游植物优势门类主要包括绿藻门和硅藻门,其次为蓝藻门和甲藻门.主要优势属为栅藻(Scenedesmus)、直链藻(Aulacoseira)、隐藻(Cryptomonas)、小环藻(Cyclotella)、四角藻(Tetraedron)、微囊藻(Microcystis)和长孢藻(Dolichospermum).非度量多维尺度分析方法(NMDS)表明,洪泽湖浮游植物群落结构组成在不同年份、不同季节和不同采样区域有显著差异,其变化主要是浮游植物的优势种属间再分配.NMDS分析结果显示,洪泽湖浮游植物群落结构变化与水温、 TN、 TP、水深和透明度等因素有关...     

2000~2020年西南地区植被NDVI对气候变化和人类活动响应特征

研究植被变化及其对气候变化和人类活动的响应机制,对区域生态保护和植被恢复具有重要现实意义.利用MODIS NDVI数据、基于站点的气象数据和土地利用数据,结合Theil-Sen Median趋势分析、Mann-Kendall显著性分析、残差分析、偏相关分析和复相关分析等方法,基于不同地貌单元,分析2000～2020年中国西南地区植被覆盖时空演变特征及其对气候和土地利用变化的响应特征.结果表明,2000～2020年西南地区植被NDVI整体呈波动上升趋势,上升斜率在空间上呈东南高和西北低的分异格局.气候变化和人类活动对西南地区植被NDVI上升均以促进作用为主,且对广西丘陵植被生长的促进作用强于其他地貌单元.2000～2020年间西南地区植被NDVI与气温和降水呈正相关,与相对湿度和日照时数呈负相关,且温度是影响西南地区植被NDVI变化的气候主导因子.城市扩张在一定程度上减少了区域植被覆盖,但得益于适宜的气候条件以及林业生态工程的实施,西南地区整体植被覆盖以上升为主.研究结果可为西南地区生态保护及经济可持续发展提供科学依据.     

火灾事故时人员避灾策略的研究进展

对火灾事故时人员避灾策略的研究进展进行了评述,介绍了火灾探测技术、火灾中人员进灾的一般行为模式、火灾时最佳避灾路线的选择以及火灾时系统的控制决策等领域的研究现状,并对火灾事故时人员避灾策略的未来发展进行了展望。     

城市土壤Pb污染特征及影响因素分析

以乌鲁木齐市和上海市中心城区为研究区域，按不同功能区对城市土壤采样并进行Pb含量及形态分析，结果表明：两市土壤Pb的平均值含量均超出相应土壤Pb的背景值。上海市土壤Pb的含量远远高于乌鲁木齐市；两市土壤Pb在各功能区的分布均存在明显差异，但两市土壤Pb在功能区的分布规律并不相同；两市土壤Pb的形态分布规律趋于一致，乌鲁木齐市土壤Pb活性要大于上海市。造成上述城市土壤Pb污染特征的影响因素有很多。     

秦皇岛开发区生态现状与保护措施

秦皇岛市开发区受开发活动的影响,植被面积和生物多样性减少,生态系统服务功能价值下降,水土流失增加。基于秦皇岛开发区生态保护现状,从敏感生态系统建设、城区绿化、城市综合生态功能廊道、生态补偿、水土保持等方面,加强开发区生态保护,构建和谐生态,实现人与自然的协调发展。     

Screening for Selected Human Pharmaceuticals and Cocaine in the Urban Streams of Manaus,Amazonas, Brazil

Pharmaceuticals and illicit drugs are contaminants that are generally ubiquitous in wastewater treatment plant effluents with their release into the environment being well understood in North America, Europe, and Asia. There is, however, less information on the release of human pharmaceuticals and illicit drugs from regions undergoing rapid land use, economical, and social changes, such as Brazil. This encompasses many areas in the tropical zone where releases of emerging contaminants may impact pristine, bio‐diversity rich ecosystems. In this study, the occurrence of human pharmaceuticals and the illicit drug cocaine was determined in the Rio Negro and two of its tributaries that receive large amounts of untreated sewage, the Igarapé Mindu and the Igarapé do 40, passing through the city of Manaus, Brazil. In addition to cocaine and its metabolite, benzoylecognine, propranolol, diclofenac, amitriptyline, carbamazepine, carbamazepine‐epoxide, citalopram, metoprolol, carisoprolol, and sertraline were all detected in two urban tributaries at low ng/l concentrations similar to those typically found in urban surface waters. Concentrations in the Rio Negro were typically lower than detection limits due to the large level of dilution, although traces of a range of pharmaceuticals were detected in the Rio Negro in proximity of the confluence of the urban streams. The data represent new information on the emissions of pharmaceuticals from a newly industrialized region of Brazil.     

三北防护林工程区植被覆盖变化与影响因子分析

利用1982~2006年间GIMMS AVHRR NDVI植被覆盖数据和气象站点气候数据,分析了三北防护林工程区25a来植被覆盖的时空变化特征及其与气温、降水变化的相关性,并在此基础上通过采用残差分析法探讨了人类活动对研究区植被覆盖变化影响的空间格局.结果表明:研究区25a的年植被变化量增加幅度略大于减少幅度,植被覆盖整体呈缓慢上升趋势,其中Ⅰ区和Ⅳ区NDVI值上升最明显(P<0.001),Ⅱ区则呈微弱下降趋势,而四大建设区植被覆盖度有不同程度提高;研究区植被和气温、降水整体呈正相关关系,17.74%的地区植被与气温呈负相关,而6.84%的地区呈正相关,10.60%的地区植被与降水呈负相关,19.53%的地区则呈正相关,植被与降水正相关面积明显大于植被与气温正相关面积,说明降水是研究区植被生长的关键因子;研究区植被残差年际变化显著正相关面积大于显著负相关面积,人类活动对植被建设作用要强于破坏作用,三北防护林建设工程带来的生态效益正在呈现.     

干旱内陆河流域人居环境适宜性评价——以石羊河流域为例

论文以干旱区内陆河石羊河流域为研究区,选取坡度、 坡向、 地形起伏度、 植被指数、 水文、 气候、 交通等因子作为评价指标,建立了人居环境指数(HEI),利用GIS的叠置分析、 缓冲区分析、 密度分析等空间分析技术对石羊河流域人居环境适宜性进行了定量综合评价分析。评价结果表明,石羊河流域人居环境指数介于17.13~84.32之间,整体分布格局为:从西南方向到东北方向适宜性依次降低,适宜、 较适宜居住区主要分布在中游和中下游地区,不适宜人类居住区占研究区面积的比例很大。石羊河流域人居环境适宜区主要以带状和斑块状分布在石羊河各支流周围,其他区域只有零星分布,与流域内居民点分布的空间格局相吻合。石羊河流域人居环境状况与人口密度呈对数关系,确定系数达到0.851 2,与经济发展水平呈现较明显的正相关性,人居环境评价值与单位面积GDP确定系数达到0.845 4,与道路网密度关系不显著,受道路制约程度较小。一些居民点分布在人居环境恶劣区域,一些村镇分布在靠近沙漠区域内,地形复杂,气候多变,水资源短缺,经济发展滞后,结合新农村建设规划和当地土地利用规划,这部分村落需要异地搬迁以便改善人居环境状况。