有毒物质低剂量刺激作用的研究进展

有毒物质低剂量刺激作用(hormesis)是一个有争议的毒理学问题.本文综述了hormesis的研究进展、关键学术问题以及可能的作用机制,并对有关hormesis的机理研究与环境内分泌干扰物研究和风险评价理论及方法之间的关系进行了讨论,提出了其中存在的关键科学问题和可能的研究方向.     

Heterogeneous Fenton degradation of azo dyes catalyzed by modified polyacrylonitrile fiber Fe complexes：QSPR (quantitative structure peorperty relationship) study

The amidoximated polyacrylonitrile (PAN) fiber Fe complexes were prepared and used as the heterogeneous Fenton catalysts for the degradation of 28 anionic water soluble azo dyes in water under visible irradiation. The multiple linear regression (MLR) method was employed to develop the quantitative structure property relationship (QSPR) model equations for the decoloration and mineralization of azo dyes. Moreover, the predictive ability of the QSPR model equations was assessed using Leave-one-out (LOO) and cross-validation (CV) methods. Additionally, the effect of Fe content of catalyst and the sodium chloride in water on QSPR model equations were also investigated. The results indicated that the heterogeneous photo-Fenton degradation of the azo dyes with different structures was conducted in the presence of the amidoximated PAN fiber Fe complex. The QSPR model equations for the dye decoloration and mineralization were successfully developed using MLR technique. MW/S (molecular weight divided by the number of sulphonate groups) and NN=N (the number of azo linkage) are considered as the most important determining factor for the dye degradation and mineralization, and there is a significant negative correlation betweenMW/S or NN=N and degradation percentage or total organic carbon (TOC) removal. Moreover, LOO and CV analysis suggested that the obtained QSPR model equations have the better prediction ability. The variation in Fe content of catalyst and the addition of sodium chloride did not alter the nature of the QSPR model equations.     

水源水库真核微生物种群结构季相演替特征

真核微生物广泛存在于水环境中且具有重要生态学功能,揭示其群落演替及其驱动因子对于研究水体生态系统的能量流动和物质循环具有重要意义.然而关于水源水库中真核微生物群落季相演替特征的研究却鲜见报道.本研究通过对李家河水库水质监测,并采用高通量测序技术和共生网络分析,探究了真核微生物种群结构的季相变化及其与水质因子的响应关系.结果表明,李家河水库水体pH处于(7.49±0.13)～(9.26±0.14),ρ(DO)最低为(7.80±0.33)mg·L-1,ρ(NH4+-N)最高为(0.31±0.01)mg·L-1,水质整体符合地表水Ⅱ类标准.真核微生物种群Shannon指数和Chao1丰富度指数夏季显著高于春秋季节.节肢动物门在春末至夏季中期为优势门,刺胞动物门和绿藻门为夏末至秋季的优势门.Telonema sp.为春末优势属(50.53％),扁藻属为夏初(30.11％)和秋初(41.34％)的优势属,Junceell asp.在夏末及秋季前中期均有较高相对丰度.杯鞭虫属(Bicosoeca sp.)、尖毛虫属(Oxytricha sp.)和壳虫属(Tintinraidium sp.)为共生网络中的关键节点,与其他真核微生物间具有显著负相关.RDA分析表明,真核微生物群落结构的季相分布受不同水质指标的调控且差异显著.本研究结果将为了解水源水库中的真核微生物群落结构动态变化及其与水环境的关系提供科学依据.     

Expressing forgiveness after interpersonal mistreatment: Power and status of forgivers influence transgressors' relationship restoration efforts

One adverse consequence of interpersonal mistreatment is that it damages the relationship between the victim and the transgressor. Scholars have promoted forgiveness of such mistreatment as a victim response that can motivate transgressors to work towards relationship restoration. Building on social exchange theory and the social perception literature, we provide an account of when transgressors are less (vs. more) willing to restore their relationship with the victim in response to forgiveness. Specifically, we argue that transgressors perceive forgiveness from a victim who has high (vs. low) power, relative to the transgressor, as insincere, making transgressors less willing to restore the relationship. We further argue that this effect of high (vs. low) victim power is pronounced especially when the victim also has low (vs. high) status. Two experiments and two field studies support these predictions. These findings highlight the relevance of studying how contextual conditions color transgressors' perceptions of victims' behavior to understand relationship restoration after interpersonal mistreatment.     

Estimating non-native plant richness with a species-accumulation model along roads

Monitoring non-native plant richness is important for biodiversity conservation and scientific research. The species-area model (SA model) has been used frequently to estimate the total species richness within a region. However, the conventional SA model may not provide robust estimations of non-native plant richness because the ecological processes associated with the accumulation of exotic and native plants may differ. Because roads strongly dictate the distributions of exotic plants, we propose a species-accumulation model along roads (SR model), rather than an SA model, to estimate the non-native plant richness within a region. Using 270 simulated data sets, we compared the differences in performance between the SR and SA models. A decision tree based on prediction accuracy was created to guide model application, which was validated using field data from 3 national nature reserves in 3 different provinces in China. The SR model significantly outperformed the SA model when non-native species were restricted to the roadsides and the proportion of uncommon exotic species was small. More importantly, the SR model accurately estimated the non-native plant richness in all field sites with an error of <1 species per site. We believe our new model meets the practical need to efficiently and robustly estimate non-native plant richness, which may facilitate effective biodiversity conservations and promote research on non-native plant invasion and vegetation dynamics.     

Future habitat loss and extinctions driven by land‐use change in biodiversity hotspots under four scenarios of climate‐change mitigation

Numerous species have been pushed into extinction as an increasing portion of Earth's land surface has been appropriated for human enterprise. In the future, global biodiversity will be affected by both climate change and land‐use change, the latter of which is currently the primary driver of species extinctions. How societies address climate change will critically affect biodiversity because climate‐change mitigation policies will reduce direct climate‐change impacts; however, these policies will influence land‐use decisions, which could have negative impacts on habitat for a substantial number of species. We assessed the potential impact future climate policy could have on the loss of habitable area in biodiversity hotspots due to associated land‐use changes. We estimated past extinctions from historical land‐use changes (1500–2005) based on the global gridded land‐use data used for the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Fifth Assessment Report and habitat extent and species data for each hotspot. We then estimated potential extinctions due to future land‐use changes under alternative climate‐change scenarios (2005–2100). Future land‐use changes are projected to reduce natural vegetative cover by 26‐58% in the hotspots. As a consequence, the number of additional species extinctions, relative to those already incurred between 1500 and 2005, due to land‐use change by 2100 across all hotspots ranged from about 220 to 21000 (0.2% to 16%), depending on the climate‐change mitigation scenario and biological factors such as the slope of the species–area relationship and the contribution of wood harvest to extinctions. These estimates of potential future extinctions were driven by land‐use change only and likely would have been higher if the direct effects of climate change had been considered. Future extinctions could potentially be reduced by incorporating habitat preservation into scenario development to reduce projected future land‐use changes in hotspots or by lessening the impact of future land‐use activities on biodiversity within hotspots.     

喀斯特洞穴甲烷研究进展

甲烷是最主要的温室气体之一。此前对全球甲烷进行了大量的观测和模拟研究,但在源汇关系和通量的认识上仍存在较大的不确定性。近期研究发现,广泛分布的喀斯特地下空间(洞穴和裂隙等)是大气甲烷重要的汇;其作用机制主要有微生物氧化作用和物理化学作用,但对二者的影响大小认识不足;喀斯特洞穴甲烷碳库大小及其对喀斯特生态系统的影响认识尚不清楚。下一步工作应该加强洞穴甲烷的系统研究,分析甲烷的碳汇机制以及估算碳库大小;同时,加强喀斯特生态系统大气、土壤和洞穴甲烷通量的研究,以揭示喀斯特地下空间对生态系统碳循环的影响。     

稻田土壤性质与稻米镉含量的定量关系

水稻是高累积镉（Cd）的农作物,其吸收累积Cd的量受多种因素影响.为明确田间条件下,土壤中Cd含量和土壤性质与稻米Cd含量的定量关系,在水稻收获时通过对60个不同田块的土壤和稻谷进行点对点采样,分析土壤Cd含量、土壤pH值、土壤有机质（SOM）、土壤阳离子交换量（CEC）和稻米中Cd含量,并通过线性相关与多元回归分析,研究Cd污染稻田土壤性质与稻米Cd含量的定量关系.结果表明：所采稻田土壤Cd含量范围为0.15~2.54 mg·kg^-1,其对应的稻米Cd含量范围为0.02~2.00 mg·kg^-1;简单线性相关分析表明,土壤全Cd含量与水稻籽粒Cd含量达到了极显著相关水平（P<0.01）,相关性系数r=0.392（n=60）;土壤pH、有机质（SOM）和阳离子交换量（CEC）对稻米Cd含量也有一定的影响,但未达到显著水平;土壤pH与稻米Cd含量的关系呈现为：当pH小于6.5时,稻米Cd含量随着pH的升高而增加,当pH大于6.5时,稻米Cd含量随着pH的升高而降低.将土壤全Cd含量、土壤pH、有机质（SOM）、阳离子交换量（CEC）与稻米中Cd含量进行多元回归分析,得到5个稻米中Cd含量预测方程,其相关系数r均达到极显著水平（P<0.01）,其中包括全部变量在内的预测方程的相关性系数最高,可以较好地预测此地水稻籽粒中Cd含量.     

深水型水库藻形态功能组(MBFG)的季节演替特征

以藻类形态功能组(morphologically-based functional groups,MBFG)藻种在光学显微镜下的形态特征为基础,对具有相同形态特征的藻种进行分组,形成了面向藻类集群形态属性的功能组别.为了解藻类形态功能组在研究深水型水库藻类变化规律中的应用及藻类演替特征,于2011年8月至2013年7月对西安市金盆水库进行采样分析,采用形态功能组分类方法对金盆水库中检测出的藻类进行了分类,结合冗余分析探讨了藻类形态功能组演替及其与环境因子间的相互关系.结果表明,黑河金盆水库中的藻类可以分为5个形态功能组别:Ⅱ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ、Ⅵ、Ⅶ;水库中春夏季多种藻类形态功能组共存,秋冬季藻类形态功能组结构较为单一;在沿水深的纵向演替过程中,各形态功能组的生物密度随水深的增加而减少;在影响形态功能组演替的各个环境因子中,温度对水库表层藻类形态功能组Ⅳ和Ⅵ影响较大;表层以下各研究水层,TN的质量浓度为藻类形态功能群组Ⅵ的显著影响因素.     

应急协同嵌入性关系构建制约因素及建设路径

应急成效提升的关键在于应急主体建设起持续发展的稳定关系,这需要建设嵌入式关系模式来实现。通过从关系认知存在差异、关系内容多样失范、关系维系难以推进、关系强度难以深化4方面分析政府与社会组织应急领域嵌入性关系构建制约因素,针对性地提出了相关建设路径。