论灾害行为

本文从行为科学的知识出发,探讨了灾害行为及其特征;研究了人与灾害关系的行为特点。     

用总有机碳浓度表达活性污泥反应动力学的研究

本研究对废水活性污泥法处理中常用指标ＣＯＤ、ＢＯＤ５、ＭＬＶＳＳ与总有机磷指标的相关性进行了探讨。     

Combining the Species-Area-Habitat Relationship and Environmental Cluster Analysis to Set Conservation Priorities: a Study in the Zhoushan Archipelago, China

Abstract: Identification of priority areas is a fundamental goal in conservation biology. Because of a lack of detailed information about species distributions, conservation targets in the Zhoushan Archipelago (China) were established on the basis of a species–area–habitat relationship (choros model) combined with an environmental cluster analysis (ECA). An environmental‐distinctness index was introduced to rank areas in the dendrogram obtained with the ECA. To reduce the effects of spatial autocorrelation, the ECA was performed considering spatial constraints. To test the validity of the proposed index, a principal component analysis–based environmental diversity approach was also performed. The priority set of islands obtained from the spatially constrained cluster analysis coupled with the environmental‐distinctness index had high congruence with that from the traditional environmental‐diversity approach. Nevertheless, the environmental‐distinctness index offered the advantage of giving hotspot rankings that could be readily integrated with those obtained from the choros model. Although the Wilcoxon matched‐pairs test showed no significant difference among the rankings from constrained and unconstrained clustering process, as indicated by cophenetic correlation, spatially constrained cluster analysis performed better than the unconstrained cluster analysis, which suggests the importance of incorporating spatial autocorrelation into ECA. Overall, the integration of the choros model and the ECA showed that the islands Liuheng, Mayi, Zhoushan, Fodu, and Huaniao may be good candidates on which to focus future efforts to conserve regional biodiversity. The 4 types of priority areas, generated from the combination of the 2 approaches, were explained in descending order on the basis of their conservation importance: hotspots with distinct environmental conditions, hotspots with general environmental conditions, areas that are not hotspots with distinct environmental conditions, and areas that are not hotspots with general environmental conditions.     

Area-Based Refinement for Selection of Reserve Sites with the Benefit-Function Approach

Abstract:  Optimization of resource use is necessary for efficient conservation planning. Many reserve-selection algorithms aim to identify representative but inexpensive networks, which may lead to selecting small sites due to their lower costs and collectively higher species richness. Nevertheless, larger sites would be preferable regarding species' long-term persistence. An area-based refinement can be used to overcome this problem. We used a reserve-planning framework in which continuous benefit functions valued representation (numbers of populations), and differential species weights were based on a species' local rarity and threatened status. We introduced a refinement based on the species-area relationship that provides relatively higher values for larger sites. We applied the proposed method to rich fen vegetation in southern Finland. The species-area refinement resulted in a network of significantly larger sites with minor trade-offs with representation (numbers of populations). Giving endangered species higher weights ensured that the trade-off occurred mostly between site size and representation of low-priority species. We recommend using a species-area refinement for practical, maximum-coverage conservation planning.     

江湖洪水不同遭遇对城陵矶水位影响的实验研究

城陵矶位于长江干流和洞庭湖出流汇合处,因此影响城陵矶洪水位的因素除了河床淤积、洪水特性等以外,洞庭湖出流与长江干流的不同遭遇也起着非常重要的作用。采用模型实验的方法,研究了不同遭遇、不同流量、不同螺山水位下城陵矶河段水位的变化。结果表明：在城陵矶断面,当监利来水流量超过洞庭湖出流时,主流靠左岸;当监利来水流量少于洞庭湖出流时,主流靠右岸。洞庭湖出流与长江干流来水流量的不同遭遇对城陵矶断面水位的影响非常显著。当监利来水流量占螺山流量的百分比为55 %左右时,城陵矶断面水位最高,即此时长江干流来水流量和洞庭湖出流相互之间顶托消耗能量达到最大值。在中水流量下,当监利来水流量占螺山流量的百分比为55 %左右时,城陵矶断面左右岸水位差达到最小值。     

跨区资源调配工程的区域利益关系探讨——以西电东送南通道为例

目前,我国跨区资源调配工程双方的区域利益关系尚未完全理顺,区域利益矛盾存在并有进一步激化的可能。西电东送南通道双方在价格水平与增长趋势、送电曲线和生态补偿等方面存在较大分歧,当前的资源交易与区域利益分配模式存在不合理的因素。西电东送的特殊性需要由市场和政府共同承担协调区域利益关系的任务,市场化是西电东送的必然取向,但政府应在体现西电东送综合效益、潜在效益和隐性效益及促进区域协调发展等方面发挥作用。     

资源环境基础论:中国人地关系研究的出发点

尽管已经跨入现代化发展的门槛,但是作为地球表层的一个物种,人类生存与发展的第一需求依然是最大限度地获取物质消费的满足。实际上,随着社会财富和人口的快速增长,与资源环境的协调已经成为各国持续发展的首要任务和基本目标。这种协调既是可持续理论也是人地关系研究的核心所在。作为世界上人类文明发育最早的国家之一,中国的实践再次表明,资源环境的空间格局变化始终是决定国家人口活动基本方向的基础所在。资源环境要素综合评价和人地关系模式的分析结果表明,东部(偏南)地区始终是中国国家人文活动的重心所在,而决定这一空间格局变化的正是国家和区域的资源环境状态。因此,认识资源环境的基础作用,是中国持续发展的基本出发点。     

基于形态修正的描述符构建可电离化合物对大型溞急性毒性的QSAR模型

在环境水体中,可电离有机化合物(IOCs)可解离为分子和离子形态。研究表明,IOCs离子形态的环境行为、毒性效应等都与其分子形态存在较大差异,因而在研究IOCs环境行为、毒性效应时不应忽略离子化的影响。在构建IOCs相关预测模型时如何表征离子化的影响是当前研究的重要内容之一。探讨了采用基于形态修正的描述符构建IOCs水生毒性预测模型的可行性。具体而言,采用逐步多元线性回归(MLR)方法,构建了可预测63种取代酚、取代苯甲酸和取代苯胺等IOCs对大型溞急性毒性的定量结构-活性关系(QSAR)模型。与仅采用分子形态描述符的模型相比,使用基于形态修正描述符的模型决定系数(R2)、去一法交叉验证系数(Q2LOO)、外部验证系数(Q2EXT)等参数从0.622～0.705提高到了0.840～0.875,表明基于形态修正描述符的模型具有更好的拟合优度、稳健性和预测能力。因此,在将来的研究中,可采用基于形态修正的描述符构建IOCs水生毒性效应预测模型。     

卤代肉桂酸对羊角月牙藻的急性毒性及3D-QSAR研究

卤代肉桂酸类化合物广泛用于医药、化妆品和除草剂等生产制造,随着使用量的增加,其生态环境健康风险逐渐受到关注。为揭示该类化合物的毒性特征,选择14种卤代肉桂酸作为研究对象,考察了它们对羊角月牙藻的急性毒性效应,并应用三维定量构效相关技术(3D-QSAR)探讨化合物分子结构特征对毒性效应的影响。结果表明,14种卤代肉桂酸类化合物对羊角月牙藻急性毒性的72 h半数效应浓度(72 h-EC50)值在45.88～83.72 mg·L-1范围内,其中4-氯肉桂酸、4-溴肉桂酸等表现出较高毒性效应。3D-QSAR结果表明,该类化合物分子结构的立体场、静电场和疏水场特性对其毒性效应影响显著,在苯环结构上引入体积较大、电负性较弱及疏水性较强的取代基,将导致毒性升高。以上结果将为科学评价卤代肉桂酸类化合物潜在环境健康风险提供基础数据支撑。     

Cu污染土壤-水稻系统中Cu的分布特征

对太湖流域某地误用硫酸铜废水灌溉导致的污染土壤和作物体铜（Ｃｕ）含量分析表明：Ｃｕ 主要富集于表层土壤,受Ｃｕ 污染的表层土壤Ｃｕ 含量是该地区非污染区的１．６～５．１倍． 受Ｃｕ 污染的农田种植水稻其糙米、稻壳和稻草中Ｃｕ 含量分别是非污染区的１１．１～４．６、１８．３～３．７ 和９．３～２．３ 倍． Ｃｕ 在水稻植株体分配是：稻草＞ 稻壳＞ 糙米． 土壤Ｃｕ 含量与稻草和稻壳Ｃｕ含量之间符合指数函数关系,与糙米Ｃｕ 含量之间符合线性函数关系． Ｃｕ 污染导致水稻减产１８％ ～２５％ ;主要是由于水稻Ｃｕ中毒影响水稻根系生长发育,抑制水稻分蘖和减少有效穗数． 如果不采取治理措施,使受Ｃｕ 污染土壤Ｃｕ 含量下降到该地区非污染区水平至少需要１５～９２ａ． 因此,对污染土地采取治理是必要的．