碳质纳米材料与枝孢菌KR14的相互影响研究

碳质纳米材料(Carbon Nanomaterials, CNMs)因具有独特的电学及光学等性质而引起了人们的广泛关注,从而被大量使用并释放到环境中,进而影响生态系统环境及生物化学过程,但目前有关CNMs与环境微生物相互作用的研究鲜见报道.因此,本文研究了枝孢菌KR14(Cladosporium sp.)与3种CNMs(单壁碳纳米管(SWCNTs)、石墨烯(Graphene)和氧化石墨烯(GO))的相互作用.结果表明,CNMs的加入促进了3种非特异性酶(漆酶、锰过氧化物酶和木质素过氧化物酶)活性增加,其中,对锰过氧化物酶(MnP)活性的促进作用最为显著,18 d最高增加26.1%.在3种类型的CNMs中,SWCNTs对MnP活性刺激最佳,GO最弱.木质素降解实验和电化学分析表明,CNMs可作为电子导体提高真菌胞外电子传递效率,进而提高KR14对木质素的降解.X射线光电子能谱(XPS)结果表明,除GO外,SWCNTs和石墨烯的氧碳比(O/C)均上升,二者表面发生变化.拉曼光谱(Raman)和傅立叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)结果表明,SWCNTs的I_D/I_G显著提高,无序性增加;石墨烯出现2D峰,即与KR14相互作用后有一定程度堆叠;KR14可引起CNMs结构转变.本研究结果有助于深入理解和评价环境中CNMs与真菌之间的相互作用关系及CNMs对真菌降解木质素和环境碳循环的影响.     

Environmental,economic and social costs and benefits of a packaging waste management system: A Portuguese case study

The impact of the management of packaging waste on the environment, economic growth and job creation is analyzed in this paper. This integrated assessment intends to cover a gap in the literature for this type of studies, using the specific case study of the Portuguese packaging waste management system (SIGRE).The net environmental benefits associated with the management of packaging waste, are calculated using the Life Cycle Assessment methodology. The results show that, for the categories studied, the impacts associated to SIGRE's various activities are surpassed by the benefits associated to material and energy recovery, with special focus on recycling. For example, in 2011 SIGRE avoided the emission of 116 kt CO₂ equiv. – the equivalent carbon emission of the electricity consumption of 124.000 households in Portugal.The economic impact of SIGRE is evaluated through Input–Output Analysis. It was found that SIGRE's activities also have a significant economic impact. For example, their added value are ranked amongst the upper third of the economic activities with highest multiplier effect at national level: this means that for each Euro of value added generated within SIGRE, 1.25 additional € are added to the rest of the economy (multiplier effect of 2.25).Regarding the social impacts of SIGRE, the number of direct jobs associated with the system is estimated to be more than two thousand and three hundred workers. Out of these, 83% are connected to the management of municipal waste packaging (selective collection and sorting), 15% are connected to the management of non-municipal packaging waste and only 2% are connected to the Sociedade Ponto Verde (SPV, green dot society in English) – the management entity responsible for SIGRE.In general terms, the results obtained provide quantitative support to the EEA (2011) suggestion that moving up the waste hierarchy – from landfilling to recycling – creates jobs and boosts the economy.     

Impacts of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from vehicular activities on the ambient air quality of Lagos mega city

In response to the growing concern about the contribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from vehicular activities in Lagos mega city and their effect on air quality, PAH emissions were estimated using the emission factors approach. To make these estimates, PAH emission factors were calculated from the profile ratio of four PAHs emitted from vehicle sources obtained from the European Environment Agency's emission inventory guidebook, whereas the total number of registered vehicles based on the type of fuel they use for a period of 10 years was obtained from Lagos State Bureau of Statistics. Vehicle emissions were estimated using a combination of individual emission factors, the total number of vehicles in use based on fuel type, and the average mileage covered. The average highest level of emission of PAHs of 3.542 kilograms (kg) for gasoline‐powered vehicles was obtained in 2013, whereas the average lowest level of emission of 2.679 kg was recorded for diesel‐powered vehicles in 2007. In the same manner, 2013 had highest annual average total emission of 6.384 kg, whereas the lowest annual total PAHs emission of 5.727 kg was recorded in 2007. It is therefore advised that effective control measure should be put in place by regulatory agency to prevent personnel exposure to these hazardous substances.     

Seeking a balance: a procedure-based evaluation of localized approaches for brownfield management in the USA

Brownfield programs in the USA now use bottom–up approaches where the principle agent is no longer federal but local government. Although the approaches by federal government to manage national priority sites are well established, clear approaches for local brownfields and to engage nearby communities are difficult to find. This study sought to determine whether the current approaches adopted by local municipalities are effective and identify the challenges experienced to develop guidelines tailored to meet the needs of local projects. The results revealed that the effectiveness of local brownfield programs is often challenged by the existing normative assessment procedure utilized by the federal government. Experts’ interviews provided evidence that legislation set up to eliminate contamination is actually hurting efforts to reuse lightly polluted local sites. The challenges were associated with outreach activities, particularly those involving reluctant property owners and developers. Community residents had only a minimal opportunity to participate in decision-making.     

玉米修复芘污染土壤的初步研究

采用60d室内盆栽试验,研究了玉米CT38(ZEAMAYSL.)对多环芳烃芘污染土壤的修复作用.结果表明,无论种植玉米土P系列、无植物对照土M系列(无植物且添加叠氮化钠的灭菌土)和对照土W系列(无植物未灭菌土)中芘的可提取浓度都随着时间的推移逐渐减少,种植玉米加快了土壤中可提取态芘浓度的下降.在芘处理浓度为10—100mg.kg-1的污染土壤中,种植玉米CT38的土壤中芘的去除率达81.9%—89.3%,分别比无植物对照土M系列和对照W系列中芘的去除率高67.5%—70.9%和26.2%—47.0%.玉米也可积累少量芘,但积累量所占芘去除量的比例不足0.3%,植物吸收不是芘去除的主要机理.种植玉米增强了土壤中脱氢酶和脲酶等酶活性,从而促进了植物-根圈微生物体系对芘的生物降解.     

长江中下游环境激素效应的污染特征及生态风险

生活污水和养殖废水排放导致受纳水环境中激素类物质的污染,对水生生物产生不利影响。分别利用嵌入雌激素受体和雄激素受体的基因重组酵母菌测定了长江中下游流域不同时期水体和沉积物中4种环境激素效应,即雌激素效应、抗雌激素效应、雄激素效应和抗雄激素效应。结果表明,雌激素效应污染最为普遍,在地表水和沉积物中检出率均超过50%,水体和沉积物的最高浓度分别为2.05 ng·L~(-1)雌二醇当量(EEQ)和0.43 ng EEQ·g~(-1)。其他3种激素效应在水体和沉积物介质中的检出率均低于雌激素效应,按总体检出率来看:抗雄激素效应雄激素效应抗雌激素效应,3种激素效应在水体中最大检出浓度分别为144μg·L~(-1)氟他胺当量(FEQ)、37.9 ng·L~(-1)二氢睾酮当量(DEQ)和103μg·L~(-1)他莫西芬当量(TEQ),在沉积物中分别为53.6μg FEQ·g~(-1)、12.0 ng DEQ·g-1和51.5μg TEQ·g~(-1)。环境激素效应的浓度分布在水体中均呈现季节性的差异,雌激素效应的区域性高值位于武汉段、鄱阳湖口和芜湖-南京段,其他3种激素效应没有明显的高污染区域。环境激素效应与当地人口数量、有机质、氨氮等呈现一定相关性,表明环境激素效应与人类活动排放密切相关。雌激素效应仅在鄱阳湖口点位具有高风险,其他区域为中等风险,雄激素效应无高风险区域。研究结果有助于认识长江中下游区域的环境激素效应污染态势,为相关污染控制提供基础数据。     

Evolutionary governance choice for corporate social responsibility: a forestry campaign case in South Korea

Firms select different governance types (e.g. internalisation, outsourcing or collaboration) for corporate social responsibility (CSR) activities. This paper examined how the choice of CSR governance type is influenced by social factors and organisational experiences and how changes in these factors affect the governance choice. These questions are especially meaningful in the context of developing countries with weak institutional environments and recent social change. With the unique phenomenon that is not readily explainable in terms of the extant theoretical groundwork on CSR governance choice, a case study of a South Korean forestry campaign by Yuhan-Kimberly was analysed. It was found that social circumstances triggered Yuhan-Kimberly's initiation of forestry projects, but the absence of social infrastructure limited the choice of governance type early on. Lack of experience also constrained the governance choice. Over time, environmental change and the accumulation of organisational knowledge caused the choice of governance to evolve. This study contributes to the CSR governance choice literature by exploring social and organisational determinants other than economic efficiency and by applying a dynamic perspective.     

三裂叶蟛蜞菊入侵对土壤酶活性和理化性质的影响

通过野外采样和盆栽试验,研究了三裂叶蟛蜞菊Wedelia trilobata入侵对土壤pH值、有机质、全氮、速效磷、速效钾以及土壤酶活性的影响.野外采样的结果表明,三裂叶蟛蜞菊长期入侵后土壤pH值与蟛蜞菊Wedelia chinensis相比显著降低,两者生长的土壤环境中pH值分别约为6.30和6.71左右;三裂叶蟛蜞菊的生长提高了土壤中营养物质的含量,其中有机质、全氮、速效磷和速效钾含量与蟛蜞菊相比分别显著提高了71.74%、78.89%、188.57%和46.36%,说明三裂叶蟛蜞菊长期入侵改变了土壤的理化性质,增加了土壤中可利用的营养物质含量.短期盆栽试验的结果表明,经三裂叶蟛蜞菊和蟛蜞菊生长后的土壤环境中pH值与空土对照(CK)相比均显著降低,三者的pH值分别约为6.31、6.40和6.51左右;与CK相比,三裂叶蟛蜞菊生长后土壤中的全氮和硝态氮含量分别下降了9.94%和33.21%,速效钾含量上升了55.27%,而有机质、铵态氮、速效磷含量则无显著性差异;三裂叶蟛蜞菊和蟛蜞菊生长后的土壤中脲酶活性与CK相比均显著降低,而过氧化氢酶在三者之间没有显著性差异,蟛蜞菊的生长还提高了磷酸酶的活性.由此,我们认为入侵种三裂叶蟛蜞菊对土壤环境的影响分两个阶段,在入侵前期可能通过快速消耗土壤养分进行群落结构的构建,在群落建成的中后期则通过改变其入侵地土壤理化性质和酶活性,形成对自身生长发育和种群扩张有利的土壤微环境,达到成功入侵的目的.     

太阳辐射减弱麦田根际土壤酶与有效微量元素的相关性分析

由于大气气溶胶浓度增加地表太阳辐射减弱地球变暗。采用遮光网模拟太阳辐射减弱,设置60%、40%、20%、15%、0%的遮光递度,大田种植冬小麦,测定了冬小麦拔节期、孕穗期、抽穗期、灌浆期根际土壤过氧化氢酶、转化酶、脲酶的活性以及根际土壤Cu、Fe、Mn、Zn等有效微量元素的含量。采用相关性分析、通径分析和主成分分析等方法分析了太阳辐射减弱后土壤酶活性和土壤有效微量元素的相关性。结果显示,太阳辐射减弱,降低了小麦根际有效Fe、Zn和Mn的含量以及脲酶活性。有效Cu元素除了孕穗期有所增加外其它时期也均为降低。过氧化氢酶和转化酶的活性的变化没有明显规律性。太阳辐射减弱使得土壤过氧化氢酶活性与有效Fe、Zn极显著的正相关,脲酶与Zn也达显著水平。Zn和Fe对土壤酶的直接通径系数和间接通径系数都较大。太阳辐射减弱改变了土壤酶和微量元素在土壤肥力中的权重,最大肥力权重脲酶被过氧化氢酶所取代。结果表明,太阳辐射减弱影响了土壤根际有效微量元素含量和土壤酶的活性,提高了土壤酶和微量元素之间的相关性,反映土壤肥力微小变化的敏感土壤质量指标有一定的变化,脲酶的肥力权重降低,过氧化氢酶的肥力权重增加。     

中华圆田螺抗氧化-代谢酶系统对转cry1Ab/Ac基因抗虫水稻的响应

对生长在不施农药转Bt基因抗虫水稻华恢1号(HH1)、非Bt稻明恢63(MH63)及施药的明恢63(MH63C)3种稻田生境中的中华圆田螺抗氧化系统物质(SOD、CAT、GSH-PX、GSH)及代谢酶(GST、ACP)差异进行了研究.结果表明:HH1稻田生境田螺肝脏和鳃SOD、CAT、GSH-PX活性均高于MH63稻田,其中SOD和CAT活性差异极显著(p＜0.01);肝脏GSH含量和GST活性在HH1和MH63稻田生境中差异不显著;HH1稻田生境中田螺肝脏ACP活性显著高于MH63稻田生境组(p＜0.01).对于MH63C和MH63组,MH63C稻田生境田螺肝脏中SOD、CAT和GST活性均显著提高,而鳃GSH-PX、GST活性和GSH含量在MH63C生境组表现为明显提高.由此可见,转Bt水稻生境可提高田螺抗氧化能力,对解毒酶系统活性没有明显影响,即对田螺未产生明显的毒副作用;而施用农药明显激活田螺抗氧化系统和解毒代谢酶活性.