铅锌矿冶区土壤酶活性特征研究

分析测试了铅锌矿冶区Pb、Zn、Cu、Cd复合污染条件下的土壤酶活性，分析了土壤重金属污染状况与土壤酶活性的相关关系。结果表明，随着采样点偏离废气排放口主导风向程度增大，Pb、Zn、Cu、Cd综合污染指数PI逐渐降低，土壤蛋白酶、脲酶、过氧化氢酶的活性逐渐增高且差异显著，变化程度中大到小的顺序为蛋白酶→脲酶→过氧化氢酶。剖面分布上，综合污染指数PI〉5的样地，基本呈现随土壤深度增加而土壤酶活性降低的趋势。蛋白酶、脲酶、过氧化氢酶的活性间呈极显著正相关，3种土壤酶活性与全磷呈极显著正相关，与有机质相关性较低。蛋白酶、脲酶、过氧化氢酶等土壤酶活性分布特征对矿冶区污染程度和土壤生态系统特性具有一定的指示作用。     

COVID-19疫情对河南省空气质量及社会经济活动短期影响

分析了COVID-19疫情初期河南省空气质量指数(AQI),并探讨了2项重要污染物(PM_2.5和NO₂)分布状况和变化趋势,发现疫情管控后AQI总体趋势向好,MODIS载荷反演PM_2.5浓度下降了22.7%,TropOMI卫星反演NO₂柱浓度同比下降61.95%,环比下降70.25%。另外,对NO₂日遥感监测结果按照"前-中-后"3个时段进行周尺度归一化社会经济活动指数SSEI计算,结果显示疫情管控措施对社会经济活动有明显的抑制作用,在疫情得到基本控制后,大部分地区的工业热源企业虽已逐步有序恢复生产,但经历了缓慢的恢复过程。河南省的经济活动恢复水平在春节后第1周至第5周处于渐进式增长状态,第6周有所回落,第7周继续攀升。     

Lessons learnt from a crisis event: How to foster a sound safety culture

Recent events in the nuclear industry have blamed a declining safety culture both on the utility and regulatory side as the major responsible. Confidence in the nuclear industry can be dramatically affected by such events. In this context, the present paper analyses a recent crisis event that involved a research reactor. It shows the time history of the event and how its escalation brought to a temporary shut down of the reactor. In-depth analysis of the event pointed out safety culture deficiencies within the organization. The paper presents the key elements in the ensuing organizational change process and describes the different phases (short and long term approaches), players and measures involved in the process that the organisation set up to address deficiencies and improve safety culture. The case represents an interesting example from which important lessons can be learnt. In particular, staff motivation in terms of involvement in improvement activities is considered central in managing safety.     

Using lagging and leading indicators for the evaluation of occupational safety and health performance in industry

Improvement of occupational safety and health (OSH) management is closely related to the development of OSH performance measurement, which should include OSH outcomes (e.g., occupational accidents), OSH inputs (including working conditions) and OSH-related activities. The indicators used to measure the OSH outcomes are often called lagging indicators, and the indicators of inputs and OSH activities are leading indicators. A study was conducted in 60 companies in order to determine what kinds of indicators were used for OSH performance measurement by companies with different levels of OSH performance. The results reveal that the indicators most commonly used in all of the companies are those related to ensuring compliance with the statutory requirements. At the same time, the leading indicators are much more often adopted in companies with a higher performance level. These companies also much more often monitor on a regular basis the indicators adopted for the evaluation of their OSH performance.     

桐梓河流域输沙量变化及其对气候和人类活动的响应

基于桐梓河流域二郎坝水文站1975-2015年长时间序列降水、蒸散量及输沙量数据,通过累积距平法、Morlet小波分析和Hurst指数等数理统计方法;定量分析了流域40年以来输沙量的演变过程以及未来变化趋势,并应用累积量斜率变化率比较法定量评估了研究区降雨量变化和人类活动对流域输沙量变化的影响和贡献率。研究结果表明：（1）40年来流域降水量介于608.10~1132.70 mm之间,其平均值为829.00 mm,呈不显著减小趋势,年均减小量为-3.10 mm/a。（2）流域年输沙量介于0.44万~478.01万t,其平均值为64.68万t,呈极显著减少趋势,减少速率为-4.13万t/a。未来流域输沙量呈持续递减趋势,但10年后将呈现出增加趋势。（3）1989年为流域输沙量的突变年份,1989年以前呈现上升趋势,1989年之后呈显著下降趋势,且突变年份后输沙量较突变年份前减少了76.82%。（4）输沙量存在12年左右的年代际震荡周期,形成了两个高震荡周期和一个低震荡中心,高震荡周期位于1976-1979年以及1986-1992年,低震荡周期位于1979-1985年。（5）多年季节输沙量呈持续性减少趋势,夏季输沙量在8年之后可能呈现出增加趋势,而其他季节则不存在持续性周期。（6）以1975-1989为基准期,降水量和人类活动对流域输沙量的贡献在1990-2015年分别达到4.87%和95.14%;如果考虑蒸发量对流域输沙量的影响,则人类活动对桐梓河流域径流量变化的贡献率在2003-2015年会增加到98.65%。流域输沙量在1990-2015年的减少主要由人类活动控制,人类活动每年导致输沙量减少1.57万t。     

河流中有机碳的环境效应及其研究方法概述

有机碳是地表各种环境介质中的重要化学组分,是生态系统中能量与物质循环的重要介质。有机碳作为河流榆移的主要物质,榆运过程中对周围环境产生的效应不容忽视。本文结合近年来国内外研究动态,探讨并总结了河流作为碳源／汇角色的作用,有机碳对重金属迁移过程和水体生产力产生的影响;指出随着人类活动影响的加剧,河流有机碳正发生着显著变化,并影响到我们自身的生活;总结了传统的研究有机碳的方法,并对正在发展的研究方法做一下探讨。     

半壁山金矿矿业活动区砷赋存的矿物特征及其对农田土壤砷累积的影响

为探索青龙满族自治县半壁山金矿矿业活动地区砷赋存的矿物特征及其对农田土壤砷的污染特征,应用矿物学和化学分析方法对矿业周边的矿石、废石、底泥、河流及土壤样品进行分析.在偏光显微镜下发现半壁山金矿周边的土壤与矿石、废石中均存在含砷矿物——毒砂,且废石中的毒砂已出现风化氧化现象,氧化的毒砂容易在土壤中迁移释放砷,存在较大的潜在危害.由于矿业运输活动以及土法冶炼的影响,砷主要分布在道路两旁或村民聚集地的农田耕层土壤0～20 cm,但在小巫岚村中也发现个别点位深层土壤砷含量高的现象.小巫岚村和高杖子村土壤砷的含量范围在7. 2～196. 2 mg·kg~(-1)之间,砷的超标率分别为45. 9%和82. 1%.根据RAC法评估,小巫岚村和高杖子村农田土壤主要处于低-中等风险,其中小巫岚村部分土壤点位已处于高风险.总体上,半壁山矿业活动周边含砷矿物毒砂部分已出现氧化现象且农田土壤砷的累积明显,可能会对当地的农作物以及长期居住在矿区周边的居民产生危害.建议对土壤-农作物-大气-人体系统开展砷的风险评估,并进一步对含砷矿物毒砂风化过程中的转换规律和机制进行研究,为耕地环境保护提供科学指导.     

中国沙尘暴时空特征及人类活动对其发展趋势的影响

分析了近５０年来我国沙尘暴天气的时空分布特征和历史时期以来我国沙尘暴天气的发展趋势。在分析沙暴天气发生机理的基础上,着重探讨了人类活动对我国沙尘暴天气发展趋势的影响。     

河北省人类活动环境压力的定量分析

借鉴物质流分析法和排污系数法构建了人类活动环境压力定量核算方法,特别是深化了行业层面物质流分析方法,对河北省经济社会系统在2000—2010年间的物质输入输出进行总体和分行业分析,探讨了河北省经济发展与环境压力的关系.研究结果表明,由物质流表征的人类活动对环境的压力强度明显增加,环境风险进一步加大;这一时期经济的快速增长主要依赖落后产能的数量扩张,与经济增长和环境压力相"脱钩"的循环经济的要求渐行渐远;钢铁、建材、电力三大行业的5个产业部门是工业物质总排放的绝对主体,并且是排放量增速最快、排放效率下降最快的主要部门;机动车尾气排放已经成为这一时期第三产业及生活领域物质排放量增速最快、影响愈来愈大的部门.     

Biochemical and microbial soil functioning after application of the insecticide imidacloprid

Imidacloprid is one of the most commonly used insecticides in agricultural practice, and its application poses a potential risk for soil microorganisms. The objective of this study was to assess whether changes in the structure of the soil microbial community after imidacloprid application at the field rate (FR, 1 mg/kg soil) and 10 times the FR (10× FR, 10 mg/kg soil) may also have an impact on biochemical and microbial soil functioning. The obtained data showed a negative effect by imidacloprid applied at the FR dosage for substrate-induced respiration (SIR), the number of total bacteria, dehydrogenase (DHA), both phosphatases (PHOS-H and PHOS-OH), and urease (URE) at the beginning of the experiment. In 10× FR treated soil, decreased activity of SIR, DHA, PHOS-OH and PHOS-H was observed over the experimental period. Nitrifying and N₂-fixing bacteria were the most sensitive to imidacloprid. The concentration of NO₃^- decreased in both imidacloprid-treated soils, whereas the concentration of NH₄⁺ in soil with 10× FR was higher than in the control. Analysis of the bacterial growth strategy revealed that imidacloprid affected the r- or K-type bacterial classes as indicated also by the decreased eco-physiological (EP) index. Imidacloprid affected the physiological state of culturable bacteria and caused a reduction in the rate of colony formation as well as a prolonged time for growth. Principal component analysis showed that imidacloprid application significantly shifted the measured parameters, and the application of imidacloprid may pose a potential risk to the biochemical and microbial activity of soils.