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141.
Laurent Ahiablame Bernard Engel Indrajeet Chaubey 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2013,49(5):1167-1178
Pollutant coefficients have been widely used to assess runoff nonpoint source pollution from individual land uses (e.g., agricultural, residential) of a watershed. Pollutant coefficients, known as event mean concentrations (EMCs), were developed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Nationwide Urban Runoff Program (NURP) to serve as a national measure for characterizing pollutant loading in a receiving water body. The term “baseflow pollutant coefficient (BPC)” is used in this study as a surrogate for EMC to describe mean concentration of pollutants in base flow‐dominated flow. A method for characterizing base flow quantity and quality for different land uses was explored using inverse modeling with two optimization techniques (a least square method and a genetic algorithm [GA] optimization), land use information, and streamflow quantity and quality data. The inverse model was formulated as a constrained minimization problem and demonstrated with data for 15 watersheds in Indiana. Results showed that estimated pollutant coefficients are comparable to the published literature. This indicates that the proposed method has the potential to effectively estimate constituent mean concentrations for pollutant load determination in gauged and ungauged watersheds, albeit more analysis with larger and more robust datasets is desirable to further refine and validate the accuracy of the approach. 相似文献
142.
This paper presents a theoretical comparison between fuel cell (FC) power train and conventional petrol driven propulsion system. FC has potential to reduce the CO2-emissions from road. However, FC power trains require energy storing device, to meet the peak power during extreme drive situations and also able to recover the kinetic energy of the vehicle during break operation. The proposed system includes a polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) based drive train and a super capacitor connected in parallel. The system is designed and dimensioned for a conventional petrol driven propulsion system of the Mercedes B-Class160. The feasibility study also includes comparison between the existing conventional systems. It is shown that although FC power train is heavier compared to existing system, urban performance is better and produces no CO2 and other harmful emissions. 相似文献
143.
自适应人工鱼群-BP神经网络算法在径流预测中的应用 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
为了提高水库和河流中长期径流预测精度,提出了弹性自适应人工鱼群算法(RAAFSA)。应用RAAFSA算法训练BP神经网络,实现BP神经网络参数优化,形成弹性自适应人工鱼群-BP神经网络混合算法(RAAFSA-BP),对石泉水库进行中长期径流预测。仿真计算表明,弹性自适应人工鱼群优化的BP神经网络算法收敛速度快于BP神经网络算法、人工鱼群-BP神经网络算法和RBF神经网络算法。该混合算法克服了BP神经网络和人工鱼群算法易陷于局部极值、搜索质量差和精度不高的缺点,改善了BP神经网络的泛化能力,输出稳定性好,预报精度显著提高,每次预测相对误差绝对值都小于6%,合格率达到100%。该算法成功地解决了石泉水库中长期径流预测精度不高的难题,可有效用于水库和河川中长期径流预测。 相似文献
144.
145.
Hong-Cheng Wang Hao-Yi Cheng Shu-Sen Wang Dan Cui Jing-Long Han Ya-Ping Hu Shi-Gang Su Ai-Jie Wang 《环境科学学报(英文版)》2016,28(1):198-207
In this study, a novel scaled-up hybrid acidogenic bioreactor(HAB) was designed and adopted to evaluate the performance of azo dye(acid red G, ARG) containing wastewater treatment. Principally, HAB is an acidogenic bioreactor coupled with a biocatalyzed electrolysis module. The effects of hydraulic retention time(HRT) and ARG loading rate on the performance of HAB were investigated. In addition, the influent was switched from synthetic wastewater to domestic wastewater to examine the key parameters for the application of HAB. The results showed that the introduction of the biocatalyzed electrolysis module could enhance anoxic decolorization and COD(chemical oxygen demand) removal. The combined process of HAB-CASS presented superior performance compared to a control system without biocatalyzed electrolysis(AB-CASS). When the influent was switched to domestic wastewater, with an environment having more balanced nutrients and diverse organic matters, the ARG, COD and nitrogen removal efficiencies of HAB-CASS were further improved, reaching 73.3% ± 2.5%, 86.2% ± 3.8% and 93.5% ± 1.6% at HRT of 6 hr, respectively, which were much higher than those of AB-CASS(61.1% ± 4.7%,75.4% ± 5.0% and 82.1% ± 2.1%, respectively). Moreover, larger TCV/TV(total cathode volume/total volume) for HAB led to higher current and ARG removal. The ARG removal efficiency and current at TCV/TV of 0.15 were 39.2% ± 3.7% and 28.30 ± 1.48 m A,respectively. They were significantly increased to 62.1% ± 2.0% and 34.55 ± 0.83 m A at TCV/TV of 0.25. These results show that HAB system could be used to effectively treat real wastewater. 相似文献
146.
水环境污染过程的非确定性和非线性,使得传统的水质评价方法存在局限性。为了提高水质评价的准确性,提出了一种基于改进小波神经网络(wavelet neural network,WNN)的水质评价模型。采用自适应遗传算法(adaptive genetic algorithm,AGA)对小波神经网络的初始权值进行优化,再通过小波神经网络算法对网络进行训练,最后对训练好的网络展开测试。仿真结果表明,自适应遗传算法和小波神经网络的结合提高了网络的训练效率,该方法可以用于水质评价建模,并且评价结果具有较高的精度和准确性。 相似文献
147.
148.
为系统研究石家庄市季节性典型污染物的重污染传输特征,基于2018年12月~2019年11月46个环境监测站(PM2.5、PM10、O3、NO2、SO2和CO)及17个气象站(温度、湿度和风速)的小时监测数据,利用插值(IDW)和相关方法,分析污染物的季节性时空特征;并结合GDAS数据,采用后向轨迹方法,研究污染物的季度传输格局和潜在源区.结果表明:①不同季节具有典型的污染物,季节性典型污染物和污染率依次为:春季(PM10,48.91%)、夏季(O3,81.97%)、秋季(PM10和PM2.5,47.54%和32.79%)和冬季(PM2.5,74.44%),其与气象条件变化有显著联系;②春季PM10与风速呈负相关,呈西北高、东南低的空间格局,主要传输方向为南向(53.32%),潜在源区(WPCWTij≥160 μg ·m-3)为河北(冀)中南、河南(豫)中北及山西(晋)中部,且山东(鲁)西和陕西(陕)西北部的传输也会贡献(WPSCFij≥0.3)市域的PM10浓度;③夏季O3与温度呈正相关,与湿度呈负相关,传输通道方向为东南-南向(54.24%),其潜在源区呈以石家庄市为中心,沧州和菏泽为两翼的新月形区域;④秋季和冬季PM2.5与湿度呈正相关,冬季呈西低、东高态势分布,输送方向为:秋季(东北-东南,74.75%),冬季(西北,55.47%),主要污染源区(WPCWTij≥180 μg ·m-3)集中在冀中南、豫北和晋中西部. 相似文献
149.
为研究洛阳市大气细颗粒物(PM2.5)的化学组分及来源的时空分布特征,对汾渭平原地区较为欠缺的PM2.5相关研究进行补充,在2018年4月至2019年1月在洛阳市高新和林校2个点位进行了样品采集,对P(PM2.5)、化学组分(水溶性离子、碳质组分、元素)和来源进行分析.2个点位的年均ρ(PM2.5)分别为(76.6±37.9)μg-m-3和(83.2±38.9)μg·m-3,季节变化由高到低均为:冬季、春季、秋季和夏季.高新和林校的9种水溶性离子浓度分别占PM2.5的 55.1%和54.2%,林校的二次离子(NO3-、SO42-和NH4+)年均浓度之和高于高新.高新和林校的ρ[有机碳(OC)]、P[元素碳(EC)]分别为(12.4±7.7)μg·m-3、(1.2±0.5)μg·m-3和(13.4±7.7)μg·m-3、(1.3±0.5)μg·m-3,林校的含碳组分在各季节均高于高新;高新和林校冬季的二次有机碳(SOC)在OC中质量分数分别为67.8%和77.3%,远高于其他季节.化学质量平衡结果表明,高新和林校的主要贡献源均为二次硝酸盐(26.9%和27.1%)、二次硫酸盐(14.5%和14.8%)、燃煤(12.6%和11.6%)、SOA(10.8%和12.2%),高新的生物质源贡献较高,而林校的扬尘源和机动车源贡献较高.后向轨迹和潜在源贡献因子分析表明,洛阳市春季不仅受到来自西北方向的传输,来自西南地区的污染传输也不能忽略;夏季既受到正东方向的季风影响,又有来自正南方向的潜在污染;秋季污染物主要来自东南方向,同时也存在西北方向的潜在来源;冬季受到的传输影响则主要来自周边区域,污染来源较为集中. 相似文献
150.