膜污染层微生物与聚丙烯微滤膜间的界面作用及其吸附特征

采用热力学方法及界面吸附理论,对2株膜污染层微生物(Aeromonas veronii M4、Aeromonas caviae N25)与聚丙烯(PP)微滤膜间的界面作用及吸附特征进行研究.结果表明,Aeromonas veronii M4与PP膜表面均表现出明显的疏水性特征,而Aeromonas caviae N25则呈现亲水性特征,并且A.veronii M4的运动性能也要高于A.caviae N25;另外,2株细菌及PP膜的表面均带有负电荷,表现出明显的电子供体特征,而Lewis酸碱分量U_(mlb)~(AB)则在2株细菌与PP膜的界面作用能中占据着主导地位;依据XDLVO理论,A.caviae N25及A.veronii M4与PP膜之间的总界面作用能均为负值,表明二者在膜上的吸附是一个主动吸附过程,而A.veronii M4-PP膜之间的界面作用能负值最大,说明A.veronii M4具有较高的吸附能力;静态吸附结果则表明,A.veronii M4在PP膜上的吸附量要明显高于A.caviae N25,而2株菌在膜上的吸附行为可由准二级动力学模型进行描述.     

Fe-Ce/GAC催化臭氧降解高浓度腐殖酸废水

采用浸渍焙烧法制备了Fe-Ce/GAC催化剂,并用于催化臭氧降解模拟高浓度腐殖酸废水.以废水COD、腐殖酸浓度为考察指标,研究了Fe-Ce/GAC催化剂的前驱体无机铁盐种类、焙烧温度、铁盐浓度、助剂稀土元素种类及浓度、分散剂硝酸钾浓度等不同制备条件对催化臭氧降解腐殖酸的效果.试验表明,在腐殖酸浓度为3.00 g·L~(-1)、pH值约8.0、温度为25℃、臭氧投量为1.24 g·h~(-1),反应40 min后COD、腐殖酸去除率仅为17.1%、43.0%;添加以2.0%硝酸铁、1.5%硝酸铈、1.0%硝酸钾溶液浸渍,经350℃焙烧3 h后制备的Fe-Ce/GAC催化剂,可使COD、腐殖酸去除率分别提高40.3%、31.8%.且Fe-Ce/GAC催化剂具有较好的稳定性,重复使用5次后,COD、腐殖酸去除率仅小幅降低了4.2%、9.1%.SEM图象显示活性炭经改性后,比表面积明显增大,有利于活性物质的负载;EDS分析表明催化剂负载了大量的Fe、Ce等金属物质;XRD图谱显示催化剂含有Fe_2O_3、CeO_2等多种活性物质.Fe-Ce/GAC催化臭氧的机理可解释为:活性成分氧化铁在催化过程中生成的羟基氧化铁会促进羟基自由基的生成,而铈元素在催化过程中不仅会提高催化剂的活性,而且生成的化学吸附氧可促进对有机物的吸附及氧化.     

秸秆压块与燃煤供热系统生命周期环境排放对比研究

为证明采用秸秆压块燃料替代煤炭进行供热的可持续性,对秸秆压块和燃煤供热系统的生命周期环境排放进行了对比分析.基于我国2012年投入产出表,构建了投入产出生命周期评价(IO-LCA)和过程生命周期评价(PLCA)相结合的混合生命周期评价(Hybrid-LCA)模型,核算了玉米秸秆压块和燃煤供热系统供应1 GJ热的生命周期CO2、SO2、NOx和PM2.5排放.结果显示,秸秆压块供热系统的生命周期CO2排放量为7 kg·GJ-1热,比燃煤供热排放减少121 kg.此外,秸秆压块供热系统比燃煤供热系统可以分别减少SO2排放98%、NOx排放76%和PM2.5排放58%.控制原料水分,通过减少原料收集和能源转化过程中的耗损,减少能源转化过程的电力消耗以及控制原料收集半径等可以有效改进秸秆压块供热系统环境表现.     

纳米TiO2/CNTs复合材料的制备及其光学性质

TiO2在碳纳米管上的复合材料可以增加材料的光催化性能,已成为新的研究热点.本文采用低温液相法成功地合成了TiO2/CNTs复合材料,并用TEM、XRD和UV-vis对材料进行了表征,结果表明,TiO2很好地分散在CNTs上,具有显著的催化效果,有很好的应用前景.     

Humic substances

GOAL, SCOPE AND BACKGROUND: Freshwater bodies which chemistry is dominated by dissolved humic substances (HS) seem to be the major type on Earth, due to huge non-calcareous geological formations in the Northern Hemisphere and in the tropics. Based on the paradigm of the inertness of being organic, direct interactions of dissolved HS with freshwater organisms are mostly neglected. However, dissolved organic carbon, the majority of which being HS, are natural environmental chemicals and should therefore directly interact with organisms. Major results that widened our perspective on humic substance ecology come from experiments with the compost nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans, which behaved contradictorily to textbook knowledge and provoked an in-depth re-consideration of some paradigms. APPROACH: To overcome old paradigms on HS and their potential interactions with organisms, we reviewed recent international literature, as well as 'grey' literature. We also include results from own ongoing studies. RESULTS: This review focuses on direct interactions of dissolved HS with freshwater organisms and disregards indirect effects, such as under-water light quenching. Instead we show with some macrophyte and algal species that HS adversely interfere with photosynthesis and growth, whereby closely related algal species show different response patterns. In addition to this, HS suppress cyanobacteria more than eukaryotic algae. Quinones in the HS appear to be the effective structure. Furthermore, HS can modulate the offspring numbers in the nematode C. elegans and cause feminization of fish and amphibians--they possess hormone-like properties. The ecological consequences of this potential remain obscure at present. HS also have the potential to act as chemical attractants as shown with C. elegans and exert a mild chemical stress upon aquatic organisms in many ways: induction of molecular chaperons (stress proteins), induction and modulation of biotransformation and anti-oxidant enzymes. Furthermore, they produce an oxidative stress with lipidperoxidation as one clear symptom or even stress defense strategy. Stronger chemical stresses by HS may even lead to teratogenic effects as shown with fish embryos; all physiological responses to HS-mediated stress require energy, which were compensated on the expense of yolk as shown with zebra fish embryos. One Finnish field survey supports the view of a strong chemical stress, as the weight yield in fish species decreases with increasing HS content in the lakes. DISCUSSION: HS exert a variety of stress symptoms in aquatic and compost organisms. According to current paradigms of ecotoxicology, these symptoms have to be considered adverse, because their compensation consumes energy which is deducted from the main metabolism. However, the nematode C. elegans looks actively for such stressful environments, and this behavior is only understandable in the light of new paradigms of aging mechanisms, particularly the Green Theory of Aging. In this respect, we discuss the mild HS-mediated stress to aquatic and compost organisms. New empirical findings with HS themselves and HS building blocks appear to be consistent with this emerging paradigm and show that the individual lifespan may be expanded. At present the ecological consequences of these findings remain obscure. However, a multiple-stress resistance may be acquired which improves the individual fitness in a fluctuating environment. CONCLUSIONS: It appears that dissolved HS have to be considered abiotic ecological driving forces, somewhat less obvious than temperature, nutrients, or light. PERSPECTIVES: The understanding of the ecological control by dissolved humic substances is still fragmentary and needs to be studied in more details.     

Co3O4/介孔分子筛催化剂对苯催化完全氧化的研究

分别以介孔分子筛MCM-41、MCM-48、SBA-15为载体,采用等体积浸渍法制备了氧化钴/介孔分子筛催化剂,利用N₂吸附、X射线衍射、程序升温还原等技术对催化剂进行了表征,考察了Co₃O₄的负载量及载体的孔结构对催化剂完全催化氧化苯的性能的影响。结果表明,Co₃O₄的负载量为20%时,催化剂的催化活性最好;载体的孔径和催化剂的可还原性能是影响催化活性的主要因素,催化剂活性顺序为Co₃O₄ /SBA-15> Co₃O₄ /MCM41> Co₃O₄ /MCM-48。     

Sulphur transformation and deposition in the rhizosphere of Juncus effusus in a laboratory-scale constructed wetland

Sulphur cycling and its correlation to removal processes under dynamic redox conditions in the rhizosphere of helophytes in treatment wetlands are poorly understood. Therefore, long-term experiments were performed in laboratory-scale constructed wetlands treating artificial domestic wastewater in order to investigate the dynamics of sulphur compounds, the responses of plants and nitrifying microorganisms under carbon surplus conditions, and the generation of methane. For carbon surplus conditions (carbon:sulphate of 2.8:1) sulphate reduction happened but was repressed, in contrast to unplanted filters mentioned in literature. Doubling the carbon load caused stable and efficient sulphate reduction, rising of pH, increasing enrichment of S(2-) and S(0) in pore water, and finally plant death and inhibition of nitrification by sulphide toxicity. The data show a clear correlation of the occurrence of reduced S-species with decreasing C and N removal performance and plant viability in the experimental constructed wetlands.     

Influence of Relative Humidity and Ozone on the Sampling of Volatile Organic Compounds on Carbotrap/Carbosieve Adsorbents

By using a dynamic dilution system, the atmospheric measurement of 11 selected toxics VOCs (ethylene, acetylene, propene, 1-butene, 1,3-butadiene, 1-pentene, 1-hexene, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, m+p-xylene) from the list WHO of 1996 and TO-14 method of US EPA by preconcentration by thermal desorption (TD), analysis by gas chromatography (GC), identification and quantification with a flame ionisation detector (FID) was developed and validated in term of metrology, especially the techniques of sampling of these VOCs with adsorbents cartridges "Air Toxics" when used with an "UMEG sampler" equipped in the inlet with a nafion membrane. In particular the influence of climatic conditions (temperature and relative humidity) and the influence of chemical factors like ozone, on the representativity of sampling were studied. Experiments made with various humidities showed that the addition of a nafion membrane in the inlet of the sampling system was required. Without this membrane, losses of compounds were observed for RH >50%. With this membrane, storage for 2 weeks in a refrigerator, as for canisters, did not induce a loss of compounds. No significative decrease of concentrations of the studied VOCs after 14 days storage, which are known to react with ozone, were observed with an ozone concentrations of 55 ppb. One explanation is that nafion membrane, placed in the inlet of the sampler, will neutralize ozone before entering the sampling tubes. This observation is in accordance with literature which states that the sampling of VOCs on Carbotrap cartridges without ozone scrubber induce a loss of compounds.     

油漆挥发分爆炸特性及浓度检测装置设计研究

为了实现对喷涂车间内挥发分浓度的检测,进行20 L球形爆炸特性测试实验,分析了油漆挥发分主成分及爆炸特性,根据油漆挥发分受热易挥发遇冷易凝结的物理特性、采样器采样原理、滤膜增重法测量原理以及基于单机片C++软件程序编写的电路智能控制技术,设计1种喷涂车间挥发分浓度检测装置。研究结果表明:油漆挥发分主成分具有爆炸性,且随着油漆颗粒物浓度增大,爆炸压力也增加。设计的装置对挥发分的采集率都在90%以上,总采集率为93.1%~98.9%,装置能够较为准确地检测挥发分浓度。     

微波强化CWPO工艺CuO_x-CeO_2/GAC催化剂的制备及其对二甲亚砜的降解

以颗粒活性炭(GAC)为载体、铜为活性组分、铈为助剂组分、草酸钠为沉淀剂,采用浸渍焙烧法制得CuO_x-CeO_2/GAC催化剂。以H_2O_2为氧化剂,微波强化催化湿式过氧化氢氧化(CWPO)处理二甲亚砜(DMSO)初始质量浓度为1 000 mg/L的废水,处理3 min后DMSO去除率达93.8%。催化剂第7次使用时DMSO去除率仍保持在75%以上。初始废水pH在3~9范围内,DMSO去除率均在85%以上。助剂Ce的加入提高了催化剂表面活性组分的分散性和稳定性,使催化剂的活性稳定性和使用寿命显著提高。