HRT对城市污水厂尾水反硝化深度脱氮的影响

污水厂尾水回用作为水源时,其ρ(TN)较高是亟待解决的问题. 在调研污水厂尾水水质的基础上,利用MBBR(移动床生物膜反应器)对其进行深度脱氮,并考察HRT(水力停留时间)对不同填料(聚乙烯和陶粒)的MBBR运行效果的影响. 结果表明,NO₃--N是尾水中氮的主要形态,其质量浓度约占ρ(TN)的80.8%±8.4%. HRT分别为12、8和4 h时,对NO₃--N去除率影响不大,均能达到90%以上,但反硝化能力随着HRT的缩短而成倍增加;HRT为4 h时各反应器的反硝化能力最大,聚乙烯和陶粒MBBR中分别为(28.4±14.5)和(27.4±14.3)mg/(L·d)(以NO₃--N计). 随着HRT的减少,COD_Cr去除率呈降低趋势. 三维荧光分析表明,进、出水中均含有类富里酸和类蛋白质等DOM物质. HRT为8 h时MBBR对DOM的去除率最高,聚乙烯填料MBBR对有机污染物的去除效果略优于陶粒填料. 综合考虑氮和有机污染物去除效能,聚乙烯和陶粒填料MBBR优化HRT均为8 h.      

辛置煤矿水力压裂卸压增透影响半径数值模拟研究

随着开采深度的增加,辛置煤矿瓦斯涌出量显著增大。为了提高瓦斯抽采效率,拟采用水力压裂卸压增透技术。理论分析了水力压裂对煤层的卸压增透作用,基于此利用RFPA模拟软件对辛置煤矿2-559回采工作面水力压裂卸压增透进行了数值模拟。研究表明,水力压裂主要在以下3个方面对煤体起到增透作用:使煤体卸压、提高煤层透气性;湿润煤体,增加塑性;改善瓦斯抽放环境。辛置煤矿2-559回采工作面水力压裂所需压力约为15MPa,压裂半径为5-6m,以此可以初步确定现场施工过程中水力压裂钻孔间距以不大于10m为宜。     

猪场废水厌氧消化过程中的除磷效果

采用序批式半连续厌氧消化试验方法,研究猪场废水厌氧消化过程中磷的去除情况。结果表明,水力停留时间（HRT）为1、3、6和9 d的厌氧反应器平均除磷率分别为65.0%、81.1%、82.7%和83.0%,而COD平均去除率分别为54.5%、82.3%、87.0%和85.9%。厌氧反应器除磷能力随沼气产量的增加而增加,说明厌氧反应器中磷的去除与产甲烷过程密切相关。对厌氧消化前后的污泥进行浸提后发现,厌氧消化过程中,化学反应生成磷酸盐沉淀的除磷作用十分显著,污泥中正磷酸盐,与铁结合的磷化合物（Fe-RP）,还原可溶性磷,与钙、镁离子结合的磷化合物（Ca-RP、Mg-RP）以及无机或有机聚合磷增加量分别为0.027 8～0.101 5、0.013 5～0.081 0、0.2165～0.430 5、23.4～54.8和7.2～21.5 mg.g-1;且总体而言,HRT越长,污泥中与不同金属结合的磷增加量就越大。从HRT、磷和有机物的去除效果以及沼气产气速率3个方面综合考虑,猪场废水厌氧消化反应器的HRT控制在3 d为宜。     

Spatial variability in soil water and salinity in Tamarix community in a semiarid saline region of the upper Yellow River北大核心CSCD

Tamarix is widely distributed in semiarid saline regions of the upper Yellow River. The community of Tamarix affects the spatial distribution of soil water and salinity. It is important to explore the dynamic response relationship of Tamarix community and spatial distribution of soil water and salinity in order to evaluate the effects of vegetation community construction and ecological restoration in this region. The natural Tamarix community in the secondary saline-alkali land of the Ningxia Yellow River Irrigation Area was investigated in July 2016. Classical statistics and geostatistics were used to analyze the spatial distribution characteristics of soil water and salinity. The results showed that the soil water content was relatively low (1.98%-7.55%), whereas the soil salinity was high (average conductivity 10.28-25.38 mS/cm) in the study area. The variability coefficient range of soil water and salinity was 36.1%-83.7%, both with moderate variations. Furthermore, the variation degree of soil salinity decreased with the increase in soil depth. The soil water and salinity had obvious spatial structure characteristics, which was mainly affected by structural factors or structural factors associated with stochastic factors. The coefficients of nugget were 0.04%-49.88%, indicating the strong spatial correlation. The spatial distribution of soil water and salinity in Tamarix community showed a patchy pattern; the soil water and salinity distribution in the areas with high Tamarix growing density were considerably high. The correlation analysis showed that there was a positive correlation between soil water and salinity in the study area. In conclusion, soil water and salinity restrict the distribution and growth of Tamarix. Furthermore, the distribution and growth of Tamarix enhanced the spatial variability of soil water and salinity. Keywords. © 2018 Science Press. All rights reserved.     

复杂地质低渗煤层水力压裂-割缝综合瓦斯增透技术研究

针对水力压裂区域化瓦斯增透盲区,提出了水力割缝局部化瓦斯增透技术措施,形成了复杂地质低渗煤层水力压裂-割缝综合瓦斯增透技术,并进行现场验证。研究结果表明:水力压裂区内的3个压裂钻孔平均瓦斯抽采纯流量较238底板道常规抽采钻孔单孔瓦斯抽采纯流量提高15.8倍,瓦斯抽采浓度提高4%,压裂区瓦斯抽采纯流量较对比区提高2.1倍,但水力压裂区域性措施受断层及煤层硬度等地质条件限制,存在盲区;水力割缝增透区内的抽采钻孔瓦斯浓度平均提高4.9倍,瓦斯纯流量平均提高3.3倍,对不同地质条件的适应性强,但是割缝影响范围小,抽采时效短;复杂地质低渗煤层水力压裂-割缝综合瓦斯增透技术综合了水力压裂与割缝的优点,对复杂地质煤层具有较强适应性,大幅提高了瓦斯治理水平。现场验证结果表明复杂地质低渗煤层水力压裂-割缝综合瓦斯增透技术在复杂地质条件下煤层强化抽采中有较好的实际应用价值。     

基于Box Behnken设计的煤导热系数分析与预测

为研究分析水分、固定碳及密度3个因素对煤导热系数的影响,选取多个矿井不同煤质的煤作为实验煤样,使用NETZSCH LFA457型激光导热系数测试仪进行测定,并引入二次响应曲面试验设计思想,采用Design Expert软件进行煤质指标的Box Behnken试验设计,按设计表筛选实验数据,构建了导热系数多因素、多水平影响下二次回归响应曲面模型,并对不同采样地点的煤导热系数进行了分析与预测。结果表明:二次回归方程P值小于0.000 1,极显著,失拟项为0.072 4,不显著,回归方程具有统计学意义;当水分在0.9%~10.9%,固定碳在49.3%~83.6%,密度在1.2~1.92 g·cm³之间,对煤的导热系数一次项影响程度为密度>固定碳>水分;二次项影响程度为固定碳和密度>水分和密度>水分和固定碳,且固定碳和密度之间存在交互作用,水分和密度、水分和固定碳之间无交互作用;应用响应曲面模型预测的煤导热系数误差为4.3%,满足精度要求。     

发泡注浆法合成莫来石轻质耐火材料

以工业废弃物粉煤灰和当地粘土为主要原料,十二烷基苯磺酸钠为发泡剂,采用发泡注浆法制备轻质莫来石耐火材料,研究了烧结温度对耐火材料晶相的影响以及发泡剂的种类、添加量和浆料固含量对轻质耐火材料常温物理性能的影响。结果表明,适当的烧结温度可改善耐火材料的晶相,同时对制品的孔隙率也有一定影响。选择适宜的发泡剂及添加量,在一定的浆料固含量范围内,可以制备容重小,孔隙率高,导热系数小,机械强度适中的轻质耐火材料。     

Reach‐Scale Geomorphic and Biological Effects of Localized Streambank Armoring

Armoring of streambanks is a common management response to perceived threats to adjacent infrastructure from flooding or erosion. Despite their pervasiveness, effects of reach‐scale bank armoring have received less attention than those of channelization or watershed‐scale hydromodification. In this study, we explored mechanistic ecosystem responses to armoring by comparing conditions upstream, within, and downstream of six stream reaches with bank armoring in Southern California. Assessments were based on four common stream‐channel assessment methods: (1) traditional geomorphic measures, (2) the California Rapid Assessment Method for wetlands, (3) bioassessment with benthic macroinvertebrates, and (4) bioassessment with stream algae. Although physical responses varied among stream types (mountain, transitional, and lowland), armored segments generally had lower slopes, more and deeper pools and fewer riffles, and increased sediment deposition. Several armored segments exhibited channel incision and bank toe failure. All classes of biological indicators showed subtle, mechanistic responses to physical changes. However, extreme heterogeneity among sites, the presence of catchment‐scale disturbances, and low sample size made it difficult to ascribe observed patterns solely to channel armoring. The data suggest that species‐level or functional group‐level metrics may be more sensitive tools than integrative indices of biotic integrity to local‐scale effects.     

吸能让位防冲支护结构与围岩协同作用体系研究*

为防治冲击地压危害,减小人员伤亡与经济损失,采用数值计算方法建立吸能让位防冲液压支架与围岩协同作用体系模型,计算支架和围岩组合体系在静载和冲击载荷作用下的受力状态。结果表明:静载条件下,受煤层影响巷道右侧拱肩位置应力值与塑性应变相对最大,此处最易发生破坏;吸能装置在静载条件下没有发生压缩变形,表明吸能装置不会影响支架正常工作;竖向冲击荷载条件下,受煤层结构影响巷道右侧拱肩处等效塑性应变值增大相对比较明显,吸能防冲支架中间液压柱与右侧液压柱水平位移变化相对最明显;冲击地压发生过程中,支架与围岩间相互作用力变化较大,总体可分为振动段、平稳段、上升段、波动段4个阶段。     

综合防尘技术在开元公司的应用

主要介绍了采煤机高压引射降尘系统、液压支架自动喷雾、粉尘浓度在线检测超限自动喷雾等综合防尘技术在开元公司矿井中的应用。通过对降尘系统效果监测和分析,降尘效率达到84．1％,降尘效果明显,改善了作业场所的劳动卫生条件。