非均质多孔介质对水平潜流人工湿地水力效率的影响

对比以不同粒径(4～9、8～12、11～17mm)非均质多孔介质(玻璃珠)作为基质的水平潜流人工湿地(以有机玻璃板材模拟)的水力效率、水力停留时间等参数,并参照其流态变化进行分析。结果表明:(1)均以上端为进水口、下端为出水口,水流流经不同粒径玻璃珠的水平潜流人工湿地会产生不同的流态。(2)玻璃珠粒径小(4～9mm)的水平潜流人工湿地中,染料在其中运动并最终能够迁移到出水口的有效空间最大,空间利用率最大,则有效体积比最大,染料流经区域面积最大;转角处染料呈圆角流过,死区范围小。(3)当玻璃珠粒径为4～9mm时,水平潜流人工湿地具有最长的平均水力停留时间(0.437 8h)和最小的水流散度(标准方差为0.052 5),使得水平潜流人工湿地的有效体积比最高(0.495 7),水力效率也最高(0.469 6)。随着粒径的增大,平均水力停留时间缩短,水流散度增大,而有效体积比和水力效率均呈减小趋势。(4)合理的水力停留时间分布能够提高有效体积比,而有效体积比越高,即污水在水平潜流人工湿地中运动并最终能够迁移到出水口的有效空间越大,污染物与基质以及附着在基质上的微生物的接触越充分,从而提高污染物的去除率。     

Experimental study of new solar air heater design

The suitable design is the most important key to a cost-effective solar air heater. Although there are many techniques that have been proposed to improve the solar air heaters’ performance by means of different turbulence promoters, they cannot ensure a compromise between the cost and the effectiveness. The aim of this study is to find simple and tolerable solution to get rid of the inconvenience resulting from the widely adopted heat-transfer-enhancement techniques by providing an optimized solar air heater design. The proposed design consists of a slightly curved smooth flow channel with an absorber plate of convex shape. A prototype of a curved solar air heater of 1.28 m² collector area was built and tested under summer outdoor conditions in Biskra (Algeria). The performance was evaluated in terms of thermal and effective efficiency for mass flow rates of 0.0172, 0.029, and 0.0472 kg/sm². It is observed that the overall efficiency of this solar air heater is considerably higher in comparison with the efficiency range of the conventional smooth flat plate heaters reported in the literature for similar operating conditions.     

水工保护在管道建设中的实践

在管道工程建设中,管道通常在河、沟道地段,田坎、地坎穿越地段,顺坡、横坡敷设地段,山地、冲积平原以及水网地区等地段频繁遭受危害。山东天然气管网的水工保护设计遵循"预防为主、防治结合"的原则,采取合理的综合整治方案和有效的工程措施,结合管道的敷设方式,对沿线地形、地质、地貌、水文、水利、气象等条件进行综合考虑,并符合相关河道、航道管理条例及相关防洪标准。     

水利水电工程建设对荒漠河岸林草的影响分析研究

以新疆喀什噶尔河流域克孜河卡拉贝利水利枢纽工程为例,采用水均衡模型计算方法,从工程建成后区域荒漠河岸林草耗水量变化、荒漠河岸林草区地下水位变化情况、工程建成后洪水过程变化等方面分析工程建设对工程影响区荒漠河岸林草的影响。评价结果显示,工程建成后,与现状相比荒漠河岸林草植被的耗水量有所增加,区域平均地下水埋深仍能维持现状,在河岸林草生长和繁殖的6-9月,区域地下水位较现状略有上升,可满足大部分荒漠河岸林草植被的正常生长需求,水库对5年一遇标准以下洪水不调蓄,不会对荒漠河岸林草的繁衍存活产生明显不利影响。     

华北型煤田岩溶陷落柱导水性研究

岩溶陷落柱在华北型煤田广泛发育和分布。本文研究了华北型煤田岩溶陷落柱的导水类型、导水条件及突水规律特点。这对华北型煤田煤矿安全生产有重要意义。     

Influence of Small Dams on Downstream Channel Characteristics in Pennsylvania and Maryland: Implications for the Long‐Term Geomorphic Effects of Dam Removal1

Abstract: We evaluate the effects of small dams (11 of 15 sites less than 4 m high) on downstream channels at 15 sites in Maryland and Pennsylvania by using a reach upstream of the reservoir at each site to represent the downstream reach before dam construction. A semi‐quantitative geomorphic characterization demonstrates that upstream reaches occupy similar geomorphic settings as downstream reaches. Survey data indicate that dams have had no measurable influence on the water surface slope, width, and the percentages of exposed bedrock or boulders on the streambed. The median grain diameter (D₅₀) is increased slightly by dam construction, but D₅₀ remains within the pebble size class. The percentage of sand and silt and clay on the bed averages about 35% before dam construction, but typically decreases to around 20% after dam construction. The presence of the dam has therefore only influenced the fraction of finer‐grained sediment on the bed, and has not caused other measurable changes in fluvial morphology. The absence of measurable geomorphic change from dam impacts is explicable given the extent of geologic control at these study sites. We speculate that potential changes that could have been induced by dam construction have been resisted by inerodible bedrock, relatively immobile boulders, well‐vegetated and cohesive banks, and low rates of bed material supply and transport. If the dams of our study are removed, we argue that long‐term changes (those that remain after a period of transient adjustment) will be limited to increases in the percentage of sand and silt and clay on the bed. Thus, dam removal in streams similar to those of our study area should not result in significant long‐term geomorphic changes.     

Applicability of grid-net detection system for landfill leachate and diesel fuel release in the subsurface

The grid-net system estimating the electrical conductivity changes was evaluated as a potential detection system for the leakage of diesel fuel and landfill leachate. Aspects of electrical conductivity changes were varied upon the type of contaminant. The electrical conductivity in the homogeneous mixtures of soil and landfill leachate linearly increased with the ionic concentration of pore fluid, which became more significant at higher volumetric water contents. However, the electrical conductivity in soil/diesel fuel mixture decreased with diesel fuel content and it was more significant at lower water contents. The electrode spacing should be determined by considering the type of contaminant to enhance the electrode sensitivity especially when two-electrode sensors are to be used. The electrode sensitivity for landfill leachate was constantly maintained regardless of the electrode spacings while that for the diesel fuel significantly increased at smaller electrode spacings. This is possibly due to the fact that the insulating barrier effect of the diesel fuel in non-aqueous phase was less predominant at large electrode spacing because electrical current can form the round-about paths over the volume with relatively small diesel fuel content. The model test results showed that the grid-net detection system can be used to monitor the leakage from waste landfill and underground storage tank sites. However, for a successful application of the detection system in the field, data under various field conditions should be accumulated.     

絮凝沉淀法处理电解金属锰废水的研究

采用絮凝沉淀法处理电解金属锰废水,主要研究水力条件、最佳混凝剂、助凝剂投加量对处理效果的影响。实验结果表明:最佳混凝剂组为聚合氯化铝-聚丙烯酰胺,其最佳投加量分别为:聚合氯化铝为90 mg/L,聚丙烯酰胺为50 mg/L。当pH=9.0时,采用先无机再有机的投加混凝剂的顺序,水力条件工艺控制为先加无机混凝剂慢速搅拌1 min,再加有机助凝剂快速搅拌2 min,效果为最佳。     

绿地再生水灌溉土壤盐度累积及风险分析

和常规水源相比,再生水常含有较高的盐分,因而再生水灌溉下土壤盐分的风险引起学者的广泛关注.以再生水利用程度较高的北京市为研究区域,分层采集了不同再生水灌溉历史城区公园绿地与城郊农田表层土壤样品,测定并分析了土壤电导率（EC）和钠吸附比（SAR）等盐分相关指标,探讨再生水灌溉下土壤盐分的累积特征,分析了长期再生水灌溉下土壤盐分累积的风险.结果表明,再生水灌溉下城市绿地和农田土壤EC1：5值和SAR1：5值均显著高于其对照灌区,这种差异在农田中更加显著.公园与农田中再生水灌区土壤EC1：5值较对照灌区分别上升了12.4%和84.2%;土壤SAR1：5值上升幅度分别为64.5%和145.8%.调查区土壤0～10 cm与10～20 cm土层间EC1：5值和SAR1：5值差异不显著.长期再生水灌溉会使盐分累积在土壤表层,同时土壤孔隙度有轻微的减小.在北京地区再生水用于城市绿地灌溉引起表层土壤盐渍化的风险不容忽视.     

Use of tracer tests to investigate changes in flow and transport properties due to bioclogging of porous media

Tracer tests were conducted in three laboratory columns to study changes in the hydraulic properties of a porous medium due to bioclogging. About 30 breakthrough curves (BTCs) for each column were obtained. The BTCs were analyzed using analytical equilibrium and dual-porosity models, and estimates of the hydrodynamic dispersion and mass transfer coefficients were obtained by curve fitting. The change in transport properties developed in three stages: an initial phase (I) with no significant changes in transport properties, phase II with growth of biomass near the inlet of the columns causing changes in dispersivity, and phase III with added growth of micro-colonies deeper in the columns causing mass transfer of solutes from the water phase to the biophase. Tracer transport changed from being uniform to more non-uniform with increase in mass transfer of the tracer between the mobile phase and the immobile biomass. An increase in the bulk dispersivity value of up to one order of magnitude was observed. Numerical simulations suggest that local dispersivity values may be as much as 40 times higher in the more severe clogged areas inside the column. The bulk hydraulic conductivities of the columns decreased by up to three orders of magnitude. The hydraulic conductivity and dispersivity parameters were almost recovered after disinfection of the columns. Different models relating the changes of the hydraulic conductivity to the changes in the mobile porosity due to bioclogging were reviewed, and the micro-colony relation of Thullner et al. [Thullner, M., Zeyer, J., Kinzelbach, W., 2002. Influence of microbial growth on hydraulic properties of pore networks, Transport in Porous Media, 49, 99-122.] was found to best describe the relation between the bulk hydraulic parameters.