亮蓝与日落黄染料的水中电晕放电脱色比较

利用一种能够产生大体积水下脉冲电晕放电的同轴棒-筒电极结构对亮蓝及日落黄染料溶液进行脱色降解,从耗时及耗能角度对脱色效果进行对比。实验发现溶液电导率增加对两种染料脱色速率影响都不大,但能耗增加,相同电导率下日落黄脱色速率大于亮蓝,而能耗低于亮蓝。pH值升高时两种染料脱色速率都减慢且能耗增加,酸性条件下日落黄脱色速率大于亮蓝、能耗低于亮蓝。     

小中甸水利枢纽工程建设与现行政策和相关规划的协调性分析

水利工程建设与现行政策和相关规划的协调性是决定项目建设可行性的关键环节之一。简要介绍了云南省香格里拉小中甸水利枢纽工程和所在的金沙江一级支流硕多岗河流域概况,就该工程建设与现行政策和相关规划的协调性进行了深入的分析。分析结论显示:小中甸水利枢纽工程与国家现行政策和相关规划具有较好的符合性。本文的分析视角与方法对水利水电项目环境影响评价具有参考和借鉴意义。     

乌鲁木齐市降水酸碱度及电导率监测结果分析及改进建议

随着工农业的发展,降水化学特征的变化日益成为人们关注的焦点。通过对乌鲁木齐市2007年-2010年降水酸碱度和电导率的分析,探讨其动态变化特征,并分析不同降水形态、不同供暖季节和不同监测点差异性。结果表明:各年和月之间pH值具有波动变化特征,降雪和降雨两种降水形态、供暖季节以及各监测点对pH值影响较小。电导率对环境变化较为敏感,2007年-2010年电导率均值呈递增趋势。各月份之间电导率差异较大,2007年具有一定季节变化,2008年-2010年季节变化不明显。不同降水形态、供暖季节和各监测点之间差异显著。多数情况下,降雪和供暖季电导率高于降雨和非供暖季。随着城市规模的扩大和经济的发展,为了更加准确了解城市的降水化学特征变化动态,需要增加监测点位。     

顶板水力挠动强制卸压煤层瓦斯抽采工程实践*

对塑性松软煤体进行水力挠动较难取得理想的瓦斯增浓提效效果,为克服该措施的局限性,使松软煤层有效卸压增透,可将挠动对象转移至煤层顶板砂岩。基于对顶板砂岩水力挠动裂隙发育、延展及煤层卸压增透机理分析,在试验矿井的松软煤层及顶板砂岩中分别施工钻孔进行水力挠动试验,同时采用多级指标对措施后的瓦斯抽采效果进行考察。结果表明:水力挠动作用下砂岩体内部形成有利于下部煤层瓦斯流动的裂隙网络,抽采流量、浓度及累计抽采纯量大幅提高;但由于高压水作用下松软煤体内部发生塑性变形、裂隙堵塞、瓦斯流动性弱化,导致抽采流量、浓度及累计抽采纯量不升反降。研究结果可为松软煤层实施水力挠动提供参考,以期实现较理想的瓦斯治理效果。     

竖井消能工折板压强及脉动特性分析*

为研究泄流过程中折板式竖井消能工水动力荷载作用,以某深隧排水工程竖井为研究对象,开展正态水力模型试验,研究恒定流与非恒定流条件下折板压强分布规律及脉动特性,分析折板间距和倾角对频谱特征影响。结果表明:上层折板承受时均压强为中层和下层折板1.5~3倍;恒定流条件下折板瞬时压强脉动幅值随入流量和折板间距增大而增大,随折板倾角增大而减小,功率谱密度优势频段为0~2.5 Hz;非恒定流条件下折板瞬时压强自上而下依次减小,功率谱密度优势频段介于0~4.0 Hz。研究结果可为竖井折板结构防振设计提供参考。     

Vetiver (Vetiveria zizanioides) responses to fertilization and salinity under irrigation conditions

Vetiver (Vetiveria zizanioides) has not been widely introduced in arid and semi-arid regions where irrigation, fertilization, and salinity are important factors in plant growth. The main objective of this study was to determine the response of vetiver to fertilization (fertigation) and salinity and their interactions under irrigated conditions. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse in 10-L pots. Combined effects of three nutrients concentrations and three salinity levels of electrical conductivity (EC) 1, 3 and 6 dS/m in the irrigation water on growth and transpiration of vetiver plants and the content of different elements in their foliage were studied. Similar contents of 3.7 g/kg Na, 5.77 g/kg Ca and 2.55 g/kg Mg were found in the foliage of all the plants irrigated with the different fertilizer and salinity levels. Concentrations of 59 mg/L N and 36.1 mg/L K in the irrigation water were sufficient for vetiver plants needs at the different salinity levels tested. The salinity threshold (the maximum EC in the soil solution that does not cause a significant yield reduction) for vetiver was between 3 and 6 dS/m. A concentration of 15.2 mg/L P in the irrigation water was the optimum value for vetiver growth in the three salinity levels, resulting in an average content of 5.95 g/kg P in plant foliage. It is suggested that vetiver is sensitive to excess P (>8.66 g/kg). Increasing EC in the irrigation water to 6 dS/m decreased plant foliage biomass mainly due to an increase in the osmotic potential of the irrigation water and high Cl⁻ concentration in the foliage.     

采煤驱动下复杂井田含水层化学特征与水力联系辨识

通过分析复杂井田不同含水层的常规元素、微量元素、氘氧同位素与氚同位素的水化学特征来判断各含水层的水力联系,并分别建立了Piper识别图版、Durov识别图版、氘氧同位素识别图版,借此可以快速甄别矿井突水的来源.结果表明:研究区地下水主要为大气降水补给,第四系含水层与直罗组含水层存在显著联系,直罗组含水层与延安组存在有限的联系.利用各含水层不同岩性导致的水化学离子特征差异和氘氧同位素、氚同位素的示踪特性建立识别图版,可有助于快速识别补连塔矿区突水水源,并对不同含水层的突水事故提出针对性的解决措施.     

Hydraulic constraints on the performance of a groundwater denitrification wall for nitrate removal from shallow groundwater

Denitrification walls are a practical approach for decreasing non-point source pollution of surface waters. They are constructed by digging a trench perpendicular to groundwater flow and mixing the aquifer material with organic matter, such as sawdust, which acts as a carbon source to stimulate denitrification. For efficient functioning, walls need to be permeable to groundwater flow. We examined the functioning of a denitrification wall constructed in an aquifer consisting of coarse sands. Wells were monitored for changes in nitrate concentration as groundwater passed through the wall and soil samples were taken to measure microbial parameters inside the wall. Nitrate concentrations upstream of the wall ranged from 21 to 39 g N m(-3), in the wall from 0 to 2 g N m(-3) and downstream from 19 to 44 g N m(-3). An initial groundwater flow investigation using a salt tracer dilution technique showed that the flow through the wall was less than 4% of the flow occurring in the aquifer. Natural gradient tracer tests using bromide and Rhodamine-WT confirmed groundwater bypass under the wall. Hydraulic conductivity of 0.48 m day(-1) was measured inside the wall, whereas the surrounding aquifer had a hydraulic conductivity of 65.4 m day(-1). This indicated that during construction of the wall, hydraulic conductivity of the aquifer had been greatly reduced, so that most of the groundwater flowed under rather than through the wall. Denitrification rates measured in the center of the wall ranged from 0.020 to 0.13 g N m(-3) day(-1), which did not account for the rates of nitrate removal (0.16-0.29 g N m(-3) day(-1)) calculated from monitoring of groundwater nitrate concentrations. This suggested that the rate of denitrification was greater at the upstream face of the wall than in its center where it was limited by low nitrate concentrations. While denitrification walls can be an inexpensive tool for removing nitrate from groundwater, they may not be suitable in aquifers with coarse textured subsoils where simple inexpensive construction techniques result in major decreases in hydraulic conductivity.     

鄱阳湖典型洲滩湿地植物根系对水分垂向通量的影响

为了定量揭示湿地植物根系的水文效应,采用全物理机制的土壤水分运移数值模型,以鄱阳湖吴城湿地国家自然保护区的茵陈篙群落为例,模拟分析根系引起的水文效应.结果表明,根系将增加土壤饱和含水量与土壤进气值,显著改变土壤水分特征曲线（SWRC）与土壤蓄水能力;在考虑根系影响SWRC下模拟率定的土壤含水量与观测数据的时空变化一致：模型10和50cm观测值与拟合值相关系数由不考虑根系效应下的0.83提高至0.85,10和50cm深度土壤含水量的实测值与模拟值的均方根误差分别减少61%和83%.同时这种率定方法下的模拟相比以往的研究地下水补给根系层水量提高34%;考虑典型的根系效应蒸散发量和累积地下水边界向上通量分别增加10%和150%.而在气候极端干旱条件下地下水向上补给量在根系效应下增加7%~56%,累计差异可达38~312cm,同时蒸散发量增加13%.在植被生长旺季时若地下水埋深较深,则根系效应对蒸散发量的影响会放大.因此在进行相关的湿地生态水文过程和湿地水与物质平衡研究中,建议充分评估湿地植物根系的水文效应,并视计算的工况条件,考虑其水文效应在整个水文过程中的影响.     

基于水化学和氢氧同位素的东宫河流域不同水体转化关系研究

为明晰秦皇岛东宫河流域水环境特征,以该流域大气降水、地下水及地表水为研究对象,通过对水化学和氢氧稳定同位素样品测试及特征分析,揭示其时空变化特征及大气降水、地下水和地表水的相互转化关系.结果表明:①东宫河流域地下水（第四系孔隙水、岩溶水、裂隙水）和地表水（河水、泉水）的水化学类型,枯水期较丰水期丰富.丰水期水化学类型主要以HCO₃-Ca型、HCO₃·SO₄-Ca型和HCO₃-Ca·Mg型为主;枯水期水化学类型以HCO₃-Ca型、HCO₃-Ca·Mg型、HCO₃·SO₄-Ca型、HCO₃·SO₄-Ca·Mg型为主.②研究区第四系孔隙水和泉水的离子含量变化受季节影响较大,枯水期离子含量变化较丰水期显著;岩溶水和裂隙水各离子含量变幅较小,基本趋于稳定.岩溶含水层和裂隙含水层中富含石膏,为SO₄2-的主要来源;Na+和Cl-主要来源于易溶解盐NaCl,Ca2+和Mg2+主要来源于方解石的风化溶解.③东宫河流域地下水、地表水及大气降水之间存在密切的水力联系,针对氢氧同位素的组成分析表明,大气降水为地下水和河水的主要来源;不同泉水补给来源存在差异性,泉水主要接受岩溶水补给,同时也受蒸发作用影响;第四系孔隙水接受大气降水和河水的双重补给;裂隙水主要接受山区降水径流补给.研究显示,东宫河流域不同水体中离子含量受降雨量、温度和地质背景等影响,不同水体间联系密切,相互补给排泄.