An investigation on the fuel savings potential of hybrid hydraulic refuse collection vehicles

Refuse trucks play an important role in the waste collection process. Due to their typical driving cycle, these vehicles are characterized by large fuel consumption, which strongly affects the overall waste disposal costs. Hybrid hydraulic refuse vehicles offer an interesting alternative to conventional diesel trucks, because they are able to recuperate, store and reuse braking energy. However, the expected fuel savings can vary strongly depending on the driving cycle and the operational mode. Therefore, in order to assess the possible fuel savings, a typical driving cycle was measured in a conventional vehicle run by the waste authority of the City of Stuttgart, and a dynamical model of the considered vehicle was built up. Based on the measured driving cycle and the vehicle model including the hybrid powertrain components, simulations for both the conventional and the hybrid vehicle were performed. Fuel consumption results that indicate savings of about 20% are presented and analyzed in order to evaluate the benefit of hybrid hydraulic vehicles used for refuse collection.     

Rehabilitation of a lowland river: Reconciling flood defence with habitat diversity and geomorphological sustainability

Geomorphologically appropriate rehabilitation measures were proposed to enhance the in-stream environment of the lowland River Idle, north Nottinghamshire, UK. However, the River Idle has multi-functional management requirements including those of flood defence so environmental enhancement must be pursued without significantly increasing the flood risk. Hydraulic testing of rehabilitation proposals is complicated because of the stringent assumptions about flow and morphology in ‘traditional’ hydraulic models. While new generation two- and three-dimension hydraulic models may overcome some of these problems, they are extremely data intensive, require advanced modelling capabilities and are, therefore, very expensive to apply. Also, they do not yet predict morphology-flow interactions adequately. As an alternative, several simple hydraulic models were applied to test the rehabilitation proposals, based on a fitness-for-purpose criterion.BENDFLOW was applied to fine tune the optimal siting of measures and to estimate the additional near-bank scour generated by proposed bend re-profiling. HMODEL2 and the FCFA method were used to test the impact on local channel conveyance capacities and HECRAS was applied to simulate the impact of the proposals on regional flood defence. Indicative results from the testing suggested a maximum increase in near-bank scour of 0·15 m in re-profiled bends, a loss of approximately 10% in flood conveyance locally due to deflector installation or reed and tree planting, and a 0·12 m increase in flood stage within the reach for a 15 year flood. The modelling results were acceptable to the management authority as an indication of an acceptable compromise between flood defence and conservation interests, and construction of the measures followed in 1996. It is clearly that it will require the results of post-project monitoring to indicate whether compromises made to the rehabilitation initiatives in order to satisfy flood defence requirements have unduly reduced their environmental enhancement potential but, for assessing the proposed methods, the models are recommended for use other lowland river environments.     

流动系统内生物膜的形成及控制

应用辐射流动室（Ｒａｄｉｃａｌ Ｆｌｏｗ Ｃｈａｍｂｅｒ,ＲＦＣ）技术宣地研究水力剪切力对硝化细菌在聚苯乙烯（ＰＳ）载体表面固定的。发现水力剪切力直接影响硝化细菌的固定。当作用于ＰＳ表面的水力剪切力大于８．０Ｎ／ｍ＾２时,硝化细菌基本不能在ＰＳ表面险境着;水力剪切力小于８．０Ｎ／ｍ＾２时,硝化细菌的固定程度随剪切力的减小而加强,直至达到最大,实验表明辐射液动室技术为定量研究生物膜形成及控制与水力剪     

兼性生化处理生活污水最佳工况研究

在常温条件下进行兼性生化处理生活污水试验,研究COD去除率与HRT、MLSS、进水有机物浓度和混合液水温的关系。在试验中最佳的水平搭配为MLSS=5500mg/L,进水有机物浓度=180mg/L,HRT=8h和混合液水温=20℃,与回归分析所得出MLSS=5881mg/L,进水有机物浓度=192.7mg/L,HRT=8.9063h和混合液水温=21.3790℃的最佳工艺条件相吻合。最后通过等高线分析得出常温下生活污水兼性生化的适宜范围。     

两级氧化法处理油田压裂返排液

采用两级氧化法处理油田压裂返排液。在次氯酸钠、次氯酸钙、过氧化氢、高锰酸钾4种氧化剂中,次氯酸钠的氧化效果最好。以次氯酸钠作为一级氧化剂,进行一级氧化处理;再分别采用次氯酸钙、过氧化氢、高锰酸钾进行二级氧化处理。在次氯酸钠加入量为40mL/L、一级氧化反应时间为30min、二级氧化反应时间为30min、初始废水COD为3976mg/L的条件下,二级氧化剂过氧化氢、次氯酸钙、高锰酸钾的最佳加入量分别为80,40,40mL/L,对应的COD去除率分别为82.60%,71.50%,83.50%。     

Probabilistic Flood Inundation Forecasting Using Rating Curve Libraries

One approach for performing uncertainty assessment in flood inundation modeling is to use an ensemble of models with different conceptualizations, parameters, and initial and boundary conditions that capture the factors contributing to uncertainty. However, the high computational expense of many hydraulic models renders their use impractical for ensemble forecasting. To address this challenge, we developed a rating curve library method for flood inundation forecasting. This method involves pre‐running a hydraulic model using multiple inflows and extracting rating curves, which prescribe a relation between streamflow and stage at various cross sections along a river reach. For a given streamflow, flood stage at each cross section is interpolated from the pre‐computed rating curve library to delineate flood inundation depths and extents at a lower computational cost. In this article, we describe the workflow for our rating curve library method and the Rating Curve based Automatic Flood Forecasting (RCAFF) software that automates this workflow. We also investigate the feasibility of using this method to transform ensemble streamflow forecasts into local, probabilistic flood inundation delineations for the Onion and Shoal Creeks in Austin, Texas. While our results show water surface elevations from RCAFF are comparable to those from the hydraulic models, the ensemble streamflow forecasts used as inputs to RCAFF are the largest source of uncertainty in predicting observed floods.     

THE DEPENDENCE OF THE RESIDUAL GRAVITY ON HYDRAULIC CONSTANTS IN GLACIAL DEPOSITS1

ABSTRACT: Buried glacial stream channels contain large and easily accessible groundwater resources. Gravity surveys have been frequently applied for their location. A gravity survey in the geohydrologically explored Wood River Valley Area of southern Rhode Island shows extreme lows of -2 mgals over channel depths of maximal 300 feet. Three gravity profiles were observed in east-west direction across a north-south striking stream channel. The bedrock depth increases rapidly towards the south from 130 to 300 feet. The gravity lows observed across each profile are not related to the bedrock depth but rather to the saturated thickness of the main quifer and its hydraulic transmissivity. Well logs indicate that the large change of bedrock depth is solely due to an increase of till of low permeability. The volume of the glacial outwash, which is the major groundwater resource, changes little underneath the three profiles. The gravity lows apear to be directly related to the density contrast between glacial outwash and till. The response to the hydraulically more pertinent units renews the interest in the gravity method as it may have a potential to estimate yields of hydrologically complex aquifers     

页岩气加砂压裂高压管汇失效爆裂风险 控制措施研究与实践

随着页岩气平台井工厂化压裂施工启动,在大排量、高压力、长时间施工条件下,高压管汇失效爆裂大幅增加。为减少高压管汇在压裂过程中失效爆裂风险,运用故障假设、因果分析法从人的因素、物的因素、技术工艺、生产管理、工作环境5个方面分析事故的原因,提出了提升采购产品质量、修订完善高压管汇使用技术规范和管理制度、实施专业化管理、应用大数据管理高压管汇、优化现场地面高压管汇流程分配布局设计与联接工艺等高压管汇失效爆裂风险预防控制措施和失效后应急安全防护措施,建立了生命周期全过程、专业化的高压管汇失效爆裂防控与应急防护体系,实现风险可防受控。为页岩气压裂作业的安全提供了参考。     

水利工程对南四湖现代沉积速率的影响

利用放射性同位素(137Cs、210Pb)测年法计算山东省南四湖的沉积速率,采用高纯锗γ谱仪(美国EG&G ORTEC公司)对南四湖上级湖、下级湖的沉积岩柱(DS2和WS2)样品进行137Cs、210Pb放射性活度测试,分析水利工程建设对湖泊沉积影响的程度与后果. 结果表明:上级湖、下级湖137Cs总蓄积量之比为9.7,说明在二级坝水利工程影响下,流域内侵蚀泥沙及其所吸附的137Cs主要沉积于上级湖;137Cs在湖泊沉积物中的剖面分布与137Cs大气沉降时序的分布模式相背离,故137Cs蓄积峰不具备时标意义. 利用210Pb计年的CRS(恒定补给速率)模式分析2个沉积岩柱不同质量深度所对应的年代,结果显示,150多年来南四湖上级湖、下级湖的沉积速率不稳定,以1960年为界划分为两大时段:沉积岩柱底部所对应的年代至1960年,上级湖、下级湖沉积速率平均值分别为0.069、0.160 g/(cm2·a);1960—2010年,二者沉积速率平均值分别为0.218、0.072 g/(cm2·a). 可见,二级坝水利工程对南四湖沉积速率产生了重要影响,210Pb计年的CRS模式分析结果可靠.      

潜流人工湿地水力学特性及工程设计

以净化低污染水体的潜流人工湿地水力学特性工程设计为重点,系统开展了室内外实验研究,并利用Peelet数分析了水平潜流人工湿地碎石床渗流返混程度。结果表明,潜流人工湿地集水花管孔口出流计算、基质填料内渗流计算、碎石床平均水力停留时间计算可分别借鉴薄壁孔口恒定淹没出流、线性或非线性渗流、活塞流理论;但受工程实际条件及运行淤堵等影响,工程实测结果均小于理论计算值。基于室内外实验成果,提出一套包括集配水系统水力计算、填料内渗流计算、平均水力停留时间计算在内的潜流人工湿地水力学特性计算方法和参数选择,可为人工湿地技术的工程设计提供借鉴。