电厂SCR空气雾化喷嘴的雾化特性研究

SCR是当前世界上公认的成熟控制氮氧化物技术,喷嘴是其喷射系统的关键部件。空气雾化喷嘴是一种广泛应用的雾化装置,具有雾化效果好、供给系统简单等优点。设计了新型外混式空气雾化喷嘴,并对其雾化性能进行了实验研究。实验研究主要分析了空气压力、液体压力及测量位置不同时,新型外混式空气雾化喷嘴喷雾的SMD、平均轴向速度、平均径向速度、液滴通量等特性参数沿喷嘴径向的分布情况。实验结果表明,空气雾化喷嘴具有良好的雾化效果。     

Impact of consistent boundary layer mixing approaches between NAM and CMAQ

Discrepancies in grid structure, dynamics and physics packages in the offline coupled NWS/NCEP NAM meteorological model with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model can give rise to inconsistencies. This study investigates the use of three vertical mixing schemes to drive chemistry tracers in the National Air Quality Forecast Capability (NAQFC). The three schemes evaluated in this study represent various degrees of coupling to improve the commonality in turbulence parameterization between the meteorological and chemistry models. The methods tested include: (1) using NAM predicted TKE-based planetary boundary height, h, as the prime parameter to derive CMAQ vertical diffusivity; (2) using the NAM mixed layer depth to determine h and then proceeding as in (1); and (3) using NAM predicted vertical diffusivity directly to parameterize turbulence mixing within CMAQ. A two week period with elevated surface O₃ concentrations during the summer 2006 has been selected to test these schemes in a sensitivity study. The study results are verified and evaluated using the EPA AIRNow monitoring network and other ozonesonde data. The third method is preferred a priori as it represents the tightest coupling option studied in this work for turbulent mixing processes between the meteorological and air quality models. It was found to accurately reproduce the upper bounds of turbulent mixing and provide the best agreement between predicted h and ozonesonde observed relative humidity profile inferred h for sites investigated in this study. However, this did not translate into the best agreement in surface O₃ concentrations. Overall verification results during the test period of two weeks in August 2006, did not show superiority of this method over the other 2 methods in all regions of the continental U.S. Further efforts in model improvement for the parameterizations of turbulent mixing and other surface O₃ forecast related processes are warranted.     

Modelling the propagation of an internal solitary wave across double ridges and a shelf-slope

Evolution of the internal solitary waves (ISWs) in the northern South China Sea (SCS) has recently attracted the attention of many oceanographers in Taiwan and the United States. These ISWs are believed to have been induced by a branch of the Kuroshio current over Luzon Strait, which propagates westward over two ridges in the Luzon Strait between Taiwan and the Philippines, and further onto the continental margin with a shelf-slope in the SCS. This paper presents some preliminary results for the evolution of a depression ISW across two triangular obstacles using numerical modelling and laboratory experiments. The experimental results confirm that the intervals and relative height between the two obstacles are important factors in the interaction of an ISW with the obstacles. However, in the case of the movement of an ISW of depression-type across the Luzon Strait, the effect of the two ridges on the characteristics of the ISW might be less significant than that from the shelf-slope, due to the variations in relative water depth. Results from numerical experiments also show that the amplitude of an ISW can be augmented once the wave commences its contact with a shelf-slope, where an internal hydraulic jump and wave breaking with vortex motion are evident in the laboratory experiments. Eventually, an ISW of depression-type could become an elevation-type at the edge of the continental shelf landwards beyond the turning point, where the upper layer is larger than the bottom layer in a stratified water column.     

不同水力负荷渗滤液对植物土壤系统的影响

以稳定产甲烷阶段垃圾层循环回灌处理后的渗滤液、轻壤土和百慕大草(Cynodon dactylon)为实验材料,比较了不同水力负荷渗滤液对植物-土壤系统的生态影响.结果表明,2.77～12.00 mm·d^-1渗滤液灌溉组土壤的几种关键酶活性、呼吸作用强度、土壤微生物量、微生物商,叶绿素含量均较对照组高,丙二醛(MDA)、过氧化氢(H₂O₂)、脯氨酸(Pro)含量较低;在渗滤液灌溉组间,6.46～10.15 mm·d^-1渗滤液灌溉下百慕大草Pro含量下降显著,叶绿素含量明显提高,过氧化物酶(POD)活性、MDA和H₂O₂含量较低,土壤酶活性显著提高、呼吸作用强度、微生物量和微生物商较大;而当渗滤液水力负荷过低(2.77～4.16 mm·d^-1)或过高(12.00 mm·d^-1)时百慕大草胁迫会加重、土壤生物活性下降.表明适量渗滤液灌溉可减缓环境对百慕大草的胁迫,提高土壤的生物活性,表现出对植物-土壤系统的生态正效应,其原因可能与不同水力负荷渗滤液灌溉改变了土壤的水分和理化性质.研究说明,通过控制渗滤液原液水力负荷,可望获得渗滤液灌溉对植物-土壤系统最佳的生态效应.     

ABR反应器的结构参数对流动及混合特性的影响

为了改善ABR反应器的设计和运行,在实验室条件下,通过CFD(computational fluid dynamics,计算流体力学)技术和RTD(停留时间分布)曲线测试技术,分析不同结构参数下ABR反应器的流动和混合特性. 在此基础上,结合理论分析,确定ABR的最佳隔室数量. 结果表明:在反应器有效容积不变的情况下,随着ABR反应器内隔室数量由3个增至6个,ABR反应器内死区容积所占比例由15.51%降至1.87%,Pez(Peclet准数)由8.47升至16.67,N(串联数)由4.80升至8.88;隔室数量由3个增至4个、4个增至5个、5个增至6个时,死区容积所占比例的降幅分别为44.00%、74.50%、15.40%,Pez的增幅分别为36.88%、42.17%、32.57%,而N的增幅则分别为36.07%、1.95%、1.67%. 与5个隔室的ABR反应器相比,6个隔室的ABR反应器在死区容积所占比例、Pez和N等指标上尽管有所改善,但改善幅度已显著降低. 通过理论分析与混合参数模拟结果相结合,共同确定ABR反应器的最佳隔室数量为4个或5个.      

水利工程施工安全标准化体系评价

为实现水利工程施工安全标准化体系的系统性分析与评价,根据水利工程施工安全标准化特点,借鉴软件能力成熟度评估框架,提出水利工程施工安全标准化体系成熟度评价方法。首先,进行安全标准化体系建设成熟度分级,提炼各级别的关键特征;其次,依据《水利安全生产标准化评审管理暂行办法》,建立安全标准化评价指标体系,确定评价标准;然后,以问卷调查结果为基础,采用分级加权法,量化评估安全标准化体系成熟度等级,通过构造成熟度蛛网模型图,分析影响安全标准化体系成熟度水平的主要因素。最后,通过一个案例验证了模型方法的可行性与有效性,为安全标准化体系建设提供一条分级提升的路径。     

土壤渗滤系统中污染物去除效果分析

在土壤渗滤系统中,水力负荷、有机负荷和碳氮比等因素均对营养盐的处理效率具有显著影响.在实验室控温条件下,分析了不同水力负荷、有机负荷和环境条件对土壤渗滤系统污染物去除效果的影响.结果表明,在水力负荷小于0.15 m3·m^-2·d^-1的条件下,模拟生活污水中CODCr、总氮和总磷去除率分别达到84％、37％和93％以上,土壤（以干土计）亚硝酸盐细菌数量为4.50× 106 g^-1.装置上层产生的滞水对CODCr和磷酸盐的去除影响不大,但是由于处理系统内溶解氧浓度降低,使得氨氮硝化过程受到抑制,氨氮和总氮的处理效果均变差;在通气良好条件下,较高的碳氮比[m（碳）：m（氮）=5：1]对系统中总氮的去除更为有利.     

Decision Support System for emergency scheduling of raw water supply systems with multiple sources

A hydraulic model-based emergency scheduling Decision Support System (DSS) is designed to eliminate the impact of sudden contamination incidents occurring upstream in raw water supply systems with multiple sources. The DSS consists of four functional modules, including water quality prediction, system safety assessment, emergency strategy inference and scheduling optimization. The work flow of the DSS is as follows. First, the water quality variations on specific cross-sections are calculated given the pollution information. Next, a comprehensive evaluation on the safety of the current system is conducted using the outputs in the first module. This will assist in the assessment of whether the system is in danger of failure, taking both the impact of pollution and system capacity into account. If there is a severe impact of contamination on the reliability of the system, a fuzzy logic based inference module is employed to generate reasonable strategies including technical measures. Otherwise, a Genetic Algorithm (GA)-based optimization model will be used to find the least-cost scheduling plan. The proposed DSS has been applied to a coastal city in South China during a saline tide period as validation. Through scenario analysis, it is demonstrated that this DSS tool is instrumental in emergency scheduling for the water company to quickly and effectively respond to sudden contamination incidents.     

Effects of hydraulic retention time on nitrification activities and population dynamics of a conventional activated sludge system

The effects of hydraulic retention time (HRT) on the nitrification activities and population dynamics of a conventional activated sludge system fed with synthetic inorganic wastewater were investigated over a period of 260 days. When the HRT was gradually decreased from 30 to 5 h, the specific ammonium-oxidizing rates (SAOR) varied between 0.32 and 0.45 kg NH4+-N (kg mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS)·d)^-1, and the specific nitrate-forming rates (SNFR) increased from 0.11 to 0.50 kg NO3--N (kg MLSS·d)^-1, showing that the decrease in HRT led to a significant increase in the nitrite oxidation activity. According to fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis results, the proportion of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOBs) among the total bacteria decreased from 33% to 15% with the decrease in HRT, whereas the fraction of nitrite-oxidizing bacteria (NOBs), particularly the fast-growing Nitrobacter sp., increased significantly (from 4% to 15% for NOBs and from 1.5% to 10.6% for Nitrobacter sp.) with the decrease in HRT, which was in accordance with the changes in SNFR. A short HRT favored the relative growth of NOBs, particularly the fast-growing Nitrobacter sp., in the conventional activated sludge system.     

HRT对一体式PTFE膜生物反应器运行效果的影响

针对垃圾渗滤液高COD、高NH4-N,低生化性的特点,开发UASB/缺氧/好氧-膜生物反应器组合处理工艺.在不同水力停留时间(HRT)下,考察了系统对污染物去除效果及其膜污染特性.结果表明,在不同的HRT条件下,UASB/缺氧/好氧-膜生物反应器组合工艺处理垃圾渗滤液出水水质良好且稳定.出水COD除率随HRT的升高先增加后降低,且HRT为12.8h时达到最大值94.96%;系统对NH4-N的平均去除率随HRT的延长而升高; 膜污染实验结果显示: 较低的HRT条件下意味着膜通量较高,会加剧膜污染进程.通过实验得出结论当HRT=15h时,对膜污染的控制最为有利.对膜进行清洗,并进行扫描电镜分析.分析结果显示凝胶层的形成是膜透水性下降的主要原因.