Pollution profiles and physicochemical parameters in old uncontrolled landfills

The long-term effectiveness of the geological barrier beneath municipal-waste landfills is a critical issue for soil and groundwater protection. This study examines natural clayey soils directly in contact with the waste deposited in three landfills over 12 years old in Spain. Several physicochemical and geological parameters were measured as a function of depth. Electrical conductivity (EC), water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC), Cl⁻, NH₄⁺, Na⁺ and exchangeable NH₄⁺ and Na⁺ were used as parameters to measure the penetration of landfill leachate pollution. Mineralogy, specific surface area and cationic-exchange capacities were analyzed to characterize the materials under the landfills. A principal component analysis, combined with a Varimax rotation, was applied to the data to determine patterns of association between samples and variables not evident upon initial inspection. The main factors explaining the variation in the data are related to waste composition and local geology. Although leachates have been in contact with clays for long time periods (13-24 years), WSOC and EC fronts are attenuated at depths of 0.2-1.5 m within the clay layer. Taking into account this depth of the clayey materials, these natural substrata (>45% illite-smectite-type sheet silicates) are suitable for confining leachate pollution and for complying with European legislation. This paper outlines the relevant differences in the clayey materials of the three landfills in which a diffusive flux attenuation capacity (A_c) is defined as a function (1) of the rate of decrease of the parameters per meter of material, (2) of the age and area of the landfill and (3) of the quantity and quality of the wastes.     

A/O生物膜法处理乳液聚合ABS树脂生产废水

采用混凝—A/O生物膜法处理乳液聚合ABS树脂生产废水,确定了混凝预处理工序PAC和PAM的投加量,考察了混合液回流比(R)和A/O段总水力停留时间(HRT)对废水中COD,NH_4~+-N,SS,TN等污染物去除效果的影响。实验结果表明,在HRT为18～24 h、R为2～3的工艺条件下,A/O生物膜法好氧段发生了同步硝化反硝化反应,废水经处理后,出水COD小于60.0 mg/L,ρ(NH_4~+-N)小于5.0 mg/L,TN小于15.0 mg/L,达到了GB 31570—2015《石油炼制工业污染物排放标准》的要求。     

人工湿地处理甲胺磷废水的试验研究

文章研究了水力停留时间、进水甲胺磷浓度、外加营养物以及温度对人工湿地去除甲胺磷效果的影响。结果表明,水力停留时间的增加能显著提高甲胺磷的去除效果;进水甲胺磷浓度在一定的范围内,人工湿地系统对甲胺磷废水具有良好的去除效果。进水浓度分别为5.3mg/L、9.74mg/L、19.1mg/L和50.75mg/L时,相应的甲胺磷去除率分别为93.5%、89.5%、90.7%和92.2%。外加碳源在一定程度上抑制人工湿地对甲胺磷的去除;在进水中添加葡萄糖浓度为50mg/L时,甲胺磷的去除率下降了6.2%。添加氮源对甲胺磷降解的影响并不明显,温度显著地影响人工湿地对甲胺磷的去除效果。日平均气温在24℃以上时,系统对甲胺磷的去除率稳定在95%以上;当日平均气温低于20℃时,系统对甲胺磷的去除效果明显下降,平均去除率低于90%;当日平均气温低于15℃时,系统对甲胺磷的去除率低于60%。     

A.eutrophus利用有机废水生产聚羟基烷酸

对真养产碱杆菌（A.eutrophus）利用有机废水生产聚羟基烷酸（PHA）的机理进行了探讨．比较了以4种有机酸为碳源生产PHA的情况,并研究了水力停留时间（HRT）和进水碱度两种操作条件对合成废水生产PHA的影响．结果表明,A.eutrophus以丁酸为最佳碳源,PHA浓度达10.2g/L;进水碱度对合成废水生产PHA的影响比PHA更大．HRT5h,进水碱度8000mg/L时得到的PHA浓度为1.92g/L．     

北京市沥青搅拌站VOCs排放清单研究

定量化的排放清单是环境管理和研究工作的重要抓手,由于行业规模小、活动水平数据匮乏、测试难度大,沥青混合料生产过程的VOCs排放研究国内文献报导极少.本文构建了一套沥青混凝土搅拌站VOCs排放量核算方法,依据排放特点分环节分别核算VOCs排放量,分析排放量的时空分布特征,定量分析排放清单的不确定性,并基于目前的污染控制水平和未来行业管控规划,预估2030年北京市沥青混合料生产行业的VOCs排放量,以期为北京市VOCs总量减排和精细化管理提供依据.结果表明：2017年北京市沥青搅拌站VOCs总排放量为25.9 t,不确定度为25.6%,其中,沥青储罐的排放量最大,占总排放量的87.2%;顺义、昌平、通州3个区的排放量位居前三,分别占行业总排放量的16.2%、14.4%和14.1%;在时间分布上,5—7月沥青混合料产量最高、VOCs排放量最大;通过情景分析,本研究认为通过出台行业标准和绿色生产技术指南,可大幅削减沥青混合料生产行业的VOCs排放量.     

SBAR中好氧污泥颗粒化及其特性

采用气升式内循环间歇反应器对好氧污泥颗粒化的过程进行了研究,考察了不同水力循环时间下好氧污泥颗粒化过程及其特性,并且对反应器中形成的好氧颗粒污泥内部菌群形态进行了描述.结果表明,不同水力循环时间对好氧颗粒污泥生长特性产生了很大的影响,在较短水力循环时间下,颗粒污泥粒径增长速度快,形成的颗粒粒径多数在 1.0～2.0mm 之间,并且 VSS含量达 92.08%,强度也较高,而在较长水力循环时间中形成的颗粒粒径在 0.5～1.0mm 之间、VSS 含量在 83.92%,污泥强度下降.     

沸石曝气生物滤池处理城市纳污河水

采用上流式沸石曝气生物滤池(ZBAF)处理城市纳污河水,研究其挂膜启动过程,以及对有机物、NH3-N、SS的去除效果及影响因素。结果表明,在水温为11～24℃条件下,气水比对NH3-N的去除要比对COD和SS的去除影响大得多;当水力负荷为1.2m3/(m2.h),曝气量为3∶1时,对污染物的去除效果最佳;滤池填料高度对各种污染物的去除有较大影响,大部分有机物在进水端40cm厚的填料层内得到降解,而氨氮的硝化主要集中在上层填料层内。     

海水混合和层化对叶绿素a垂直分布的影响

根据长江口海区、近岸浅水区、黄海冷水团海区和水深超过200m的陆架区等四个区域的定点调查获得的数据，分析了温度、盐度与叶绿素a垂直分布的相互关系。结果表明，长江口海区，陆源径流与海水混合不充分，表层营养盐含量较高，表层叶绿素a含量高于中下水层。近岸浅水区的苏北近岸海水垂向没有温跃层和盐跃层，叶绿素a的垂向分布也均匀，东海西部沿岸出现逆温跃层和逆盐跃层，海水垂直混合不充分，叶绿素a含量(6．72mg／m^3)在10m深水域最高。黄海冷水团海区海水的垂直混合不充分，叶绿素a的垂直变化显著，高值区出现在温跃层下方(4．37mg／m^3)。水深超过200m的陆架区，温度的阶梯状结构、营养盐跃层、光照等因素共同导致整个水层叶绿素a含量普遍较低。同时，结合历史资料分析认为，海水的混合、温度和盐度的层化将影响营养盐的浓度和分布，从而影响海水中叶绿素a的垂直分布。     

Sensitivity of air quality model prediction to parameterization of vertical eddy diffusivity

This paper investigates the effects of vertical eddy diffusivities derived from the 3 different planetary boundary layer (PBL) schemes on predictions of chemical components in the troposphere of East Asia. Three PBL schemes were incorporated into a regional air quality model (RAQM) to represent vertical mixing process and sensitivity simulations were conducted with the three schemes while other options are identical. At altitudes <2km, all schemes exhibit similar skill for predicting SO₂ and O₃, but more difference in the predicted NO_x concentration. The Gayno–Seaman scheme produces the smallest vertical eddy diffusivity (Kz) among all schemes, leading to higher SO₂ and NO_x concentrations near the surface than that from the other 2 schemes. However, the effect of vertical mixing on O₃ concentration is complex and varies spatially due to chemistry. The Gayno–Seaman scheme predicts lower O₃ concentrations than the other two schemes in the parts of northern China (generally VOC-limited) and higher ones in most parts of southern China (NO_x-limited). The Byun and Dennis scheme produces the largest mixing depth in the daytime, which bring more NO_x into upper levels, and the mixing depth predicted by the Gayno–Seaman scheme is the smallest, leading to higher NO_x and lower O₃ concentrations near the surface over intensive emission regions.     

复合肥与有机肥配合施用对黄瓜产量的影响

在湘南地区普遍缺铁钾的红壤上，采用含钾量相对较高而含氮量相对较低的12—12—17s复合肥与有机肥配合施用，结果表明：与当地传统施肥相比较，施用12—12—17s复合肥能显著提高黄瓜产量；复合肥与有机肥配施增产效果更好．因此，复合肥与有机肥配施能大幅度提高黄瓜产量．