巴布亚新几内亚波格拉斑岩型铜-金矿床富Nb碱性火成岩成因新解

巴布亚新几内亚波格拉(Porgera)斑岩铜—金矿床的侵入杂岩岩石类型为碱性玄武岩→夏威夷岩(粗面玄武岩)→橄榄粗安岩套。微量元素总体特征是富集大离子亲石元素(LILE)(Sr、Ba)和高场强元素(HFSE)(Zr、Nb、Th)。在微量元素蛛网图上显示宽的Th、Nb、U峰和Ti、H f、Y的谷。该矿床夏威夷岩和橄榄粗安岩是一套板内富Nb碱性玄武岩系列,属于大陆O IB碱性侵入岩,而不是洋岛OIB系列,与地幔柱活动相关。波格拉侵入杂岩形成于弧—陆碰撞环境,为新生代主动大陆边缘板内碱性玄武岩的典型代表之一。     

Soil and water loss in the Lancang River-Mekong River watershed (in Yunnan section, China) and its control measures

ＭｅｋｏｎｇＲｉｖｅｒｉｓｏｒｉｇｉｎａｔｅｄｉｎｔｈｅｎｏｒｔｈｅｒｎｒａｎｇｅｏｆＴｉｂｅｔＱｉｎｇｈａｉＰｌａｔｅａｕｏｆＣｈｉｎａ,ｆｌｏｗｉｎｇｔｈｒｏｕｇｈｓｉｘｃｏｕｎｔｒｉｅｓ,ｔｈｅｙａｒｅＣｈｉｎａ(ＹｕｎｎａｎＰｒｏｖｉｎｃｅ),Ｍ?..     

楚雄市饮用水源水质分析与保护措施

介绍了楚雄市饮用水源的水质情况,分析了饮用水源地主要污染源及水环境问题,并初步提出了环保对策与措施。     

驱动电源对浊度仪半导体激光器的影响

分析了驱动电源及瞬态电压、电流对半导体激光器的影响，提出了防止半导体激光器损坏的措施和建议。     

农业非点源模型--AGNPS概述

非点源污染在国内外已越来越受到关注，其中农业非点源又占相当大的份额。由于非点源污染产生机制的特殊性。导致实地调查和试验研究不易实行。故而数学模型方法在这一领域尤其能够体现出它的优点，对它的研究也受到了学术界越来越多的重视。目前，国外已开发出了大量的非点源数学模型，而其中A3NPS模型是应用较为广泛者之一，并已在我国得到了应用。基于此，文中介绍了AGNPS模型的基本结构，主要包括水文、侵蚀和化学污染物的迁移三部分。自从该模型被建立以来，国外已对它进行了大量的研究，本文从研究最多的几个方面进行了讨论，即计算网格的优化、模型输入输出与GIS的结合以及模型的风险性等，以期为在我国的具体应用提供一定的参考。     

NUTRIENT LOADING ASSESSMENT IN THE ILLINOIS RIVER USING A SYNTHETIC APPROACH1

ABSTRACT: A synthetic relationship is developed between nutrient concentrations and discharge rates at two river gauging sites in the Illinois River Basin. Analysis is performed on data collected by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) on nutrients in 1990 through 1997 and 1999 and on discharge rates in 1988 through 1997 and 1999. The Illinois River Basin is in western Arkansas and northeastern Oklahoma and is designated as an Oklahoma Scenic River. Consistently high nutrient concentrations in the river and receiving water bodies conflict with recreational water use, leading to intense stakeholder debate on how best to manage water quality. Results show that the majority of annual phosphorus (P) loading is transported by direct runoff, with high concentrations transported by high discharge rates and low concentrations by low discharge rates. A synthetic relationship is derived and used to generate daily phosphorus concentrations, laying the foundation for analysis of annual loading and evaluation of alternative management practices. Total nitrogen (N) concentration does not have as clear a relationship with discharge. Using a simple regression relationship, annual P loadings are estimated as having a root mean squared error (RMSE) of 39.8 t/yr and 31.9 t/yr and mean absolute percentage errors of 19 percent and 28 percent at Watts and Tahlequah, respectively. P is the limiting nutrient over the full range of discharges. Given that the majority of P is derived from Arkansas, management practices that control P would have the most benefit if applied on the Arkansas side of the border.     

ECOSYSTEM DYNAMICS AND POLLUTION EFFECTS IN AN OZARK CAVE STREAM1

ABSTRACT: Subterranean ecosystems harbor globally rare fauna and important water resources, but ecological processes are poorly understood and are threatened by anthropogenic stresses. Ecosystem analyses were conducted from 1997 to 2000 in Cave Springs Cave, Arkansas, situated in a region of intensive land use, to determine the degree of habitat degradation and viability of endangered fauna. Organic matter budgeting quantified energy flux and documented the dominant input as dissolved organic matter and not gray bat guano (Myotis grisescens). Carbon/nitrogen stable isotope analyses described a trophic web of Ozark cavefish (Amblyopsis rosae) that primarily consumed cave isopods (Caecidotea stiladactyla), which in turn appeared to consume benthic matter originating from a complex mixture of soil, leaf litter, and anthropogenic wastes. Septic leachate, sewage sludge, and cow manure were suspected to augment the food web and were implicated in environmental degradation. Water, sediment, and animal tissue analyses detected excess nutrients, fecal bacteria, and toxic concentrations of metals. Community assemblage may have been altered: sensitive species‐grotto salamanders (Typhlotriton spelaeus) and stygobro‐mid amphipods—were not detected, while more resilient isopods flourished. Reduction of septic and agricultural waste inputs may be necessary to restore ecosystem dynamics in this cave ecosystem to its former undisturbed condition.     

BUILDUP,WASHOFF, AND EVENT MEAN CONCENTRATIONS1

ABSTRACT: Most watershed water quality simulation models require the user to specify pollutant buildup and washoff rate parameters for pollutants, by land use. Buildup and washoff rates are difficult to measure directly, and only limited guidance and few observed data are available from the literature. Many studies, however, report storm event mean concentrations (EMCs). These EMCs must arise as a result of the buildup and washoff processes, but typically represent the net contribution from a variety of pervious and impervious surfaces. This paper explores the relationship between EMCs and buildup/washoff parameters. An assumption of the mathematical form of the buildup/washoff relationship gives an algebraic expression for the EMC consistent with model assumptions. This yields techniques to separate observed EMCs into contributions from different land uses and from pervious and impervious surfaces. Given this relationship, numerical optimization may be used to estimate site specific values of buildup and washoff parameters from observed storm EMCs for use in modeling. Use of this approach helps ensure that model parameters are consistent with observed data, providing a rational starting point for final model calibration. Several site examples demonstrate use of the method.     

GROUND WATER NITRATE REDUCTION IN GIANT CANE AND FOREST RIPARIAN BUFFER ZONES1

ABSTRACT: Ground water contamination by excess nitrate leaching in row‐crop fields is an important issue in intensive agricultural areas of the United States and abroad. Giant cane and forest riparian buffer zones were monitored to determine each cover type's ability to reduce ground water nitrate concentrations. Ground water was sampled at varying distances from the field edge to determine an effective width for maximum nitrate attenuation. Ground water samples were analyzed for nitrate concentrations as well as chloride concentrations, which were used as a conservative ion to assess dilution or concentration effects within the riparian zone. Significant nitrate reductions occurred in both the cane and the forest riparian buffer zones within the first 3.3 m, a relatively narrow width. In this first 3.3 m, the cane and forest buffer reduced ground water nitrate levels by 90 percent and 61 percent, respectively. Approximately 40 percent of the observed 99 percent nitrate reduction over the 10 m cane buffer could be attributed to dilution by upwelling ground water. Neither ground water dilution nor concentration was observed in the forest buffer. The ground water nitrate attenuation capabilities of the cane and forest riparian zones were not statistically different. During the spring, both plant assimilation and denitrification were probably important nitrate loss mechanisms, while in the summer nitrate was more likely lost via denitrification since the water table dropped below the rooting zone.     

巷道及边坡工程中的膨胀岩灾害与防治

分析了膨胀岩的胀缩机理及影响因素,总结了近几年的理论研究成果。着重论述了巷道和边坡工程中的膨胀 岩所造成的灾害形式,通过分析诱发灾害的机理,有针对性地提出了一些防治措施。