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101.
在染料中间体红色基B,紫酱色基GP的生产过程中,全产生降解处理的废水,采用中和隔油-生物接触氧化-电解脱色工艺处理可达标准排放。试验结果表明,硝化废酸液和水解母液的混合废水经过中和隔油处理后,CODcr的去除率可达到56%以上,而BOD5/CDOcr的比值可在从0.22提高到0.5以上;再经生物接触氧化处理后,CODcr的去除率在88%以上,BOD5的去除率在92%以上;最后,电解处理能使CODc  相似文献   
102.
蚯蚓是最为重要的土壤动物之一,不仅可以改良土壤结构和肥力,还能促进土壤矿物风化。为研究蚯蚓风化土壤矿物的机理,弄清蚯蚓对土壤中有机化学成分的影响,我们以甲醇为浸提剂浸提蚯蚓处理过的土壤和无蚯蚓的土壤,对提取物硅烷化衍生处理后,用GC-MS进行了分析。结果发现无论是蚯蚓处理过的土壤还是无蚯蚓的土壤,提取物中种类最多的化学物质是烃类,其次是酯类;腈类种类虽非常少,但相对含量却非常高。蚯蚓处理的土壤与无蚯蚓的土壤二者之间有机化学成分确实有很大的不同:从蚯蚓处理过的土壤中共发现了22种特有成分,从无蚓蚓的土壤中共发现了26种特有成分。虽然蚯蚓处理的土壤和无蚯蚓的土壤均检测到了微量的有机酸,但无论是酸的种类还是数量二者间均无明显差异。另外,检测结果也未发现铁载体。因此,蚯蚓诱导的微生物对土壤矿物的风化应该是在土壤矿物局部区域发挥作用,其风化机理用连宾的综合效应假说解释更为合理。  相似文献   
103.
华北地区冬半年空气污染天气客观分型研究   总被引:2,自引:6,他引:2       下载免费PDF全文
利用2013—2016年冬半年ERA-interim再分析资料,以及同期空气污染资料、地面常规气象观测资料和探空资料,采用PCT (Principal Component Analysis in T-mode)客观分型方法对华北地区冬半年海平面气压场进行天气分型,并探究不同月份不同天气型对应的空气污染状况及污染气象参数分布特征,进而从污染气象学的角度揭示重污染潜势天气型的气候特征.结果表明:冬半年海平面气压场共对应9种天气类型,其中,5型(均压场型)、6型(高压内部型)和8型(高压后部型)为3种重污染潜势天气型,冬半年对应的PM_(2.5)均值浓度分别为144.11、136.99和148.26μg·m~(-3),而1型(T型高压前部型)和3型(低压底部型)为两种清洁天气型,冬半年对应的PM_(2.5)均值浓度分别为97.12和80.83μg·m~(-3);重污染潜势天气型对应的边界层结构呈现出稳定能量大、混合层厚度和通风系数小的大气层结稳定的静稳天气特征,其能够反映大气污染潜势;研究还发现,即使是同一天气型,其在不同月份对污染物的扩散影响也存在差异,因此,建议在今后的污染潜势天气型研究中分月份进行.本研究可为华北地区空气污染潜势预报及大气重污染预报预警的客观化、自动化提供科学依据和技术支持.  相似文献   
104.
湘潭市酸雨污染状况、化学组成及其防治对策   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
根据2001—2005年湘潭市城区降水环境质量监测数据,对湘潭城区酸性降水的变化特征、离子化学组成、变化趋势和酸雨成因进行了分析。“十五期间”湘潭市区酸雨频率在50%以上,pH值平均范围在4.56—4.91,属重酸雨区;SO4^2-/NO3^-比值为4.93~6.13,属典型硫酸型;湘潭城区酸雨有明显的季节变化规律,春季和冬季酸雨出现的频率最多,秋季最少;酸雨分布没有明显的地区差异。依据相关系数法检验,湘潭市的酸雨从总体上看污染趋势无显著性变化,呈现相对稳定状态。  相似文献   
105.
文章在10 KWth上吸式生物质气化炉上进行木屑的气化实验,通过改变床层高度和气化剂空气的量,将产生的生物质焦油进行取样。经GC-MS分析得出上吸式气化炉焦油的主要成分为初级和二级焦油,其中以酚类焦油所占比重最多,大约为总量的38%~60%;在同样床高的条件下,随着空气量的增加,酚类焦油含量有所降低,但仍然是焦油中比重较大的。  相似文献   
106.
中国省际资源节约指数的空间差异研究   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
论文首次利用改进的\"节约指数\"并结合图形数据,对中国各省区资源消耗现状进行定量分析。结果表明:中国资源节约指数空间差异明显,总体上东部比西部节约、中部过渡(除山西外);低于全国平均节约水平的省域约占2/3,其中大部分在西部地区;此外,经济发展水平越高的省域,资源环境绩效水平相对越好。研究结果揭示了中国不同省域建设节约型社会的节约水平和资源利用效率差异,同时也为促进区域协调发展以及经济社会的可持续发展提供依据。  相似文献   
107.
为了解广佛跨界区域佛山市南海区的降水化学组成特征和酸化趋势,于2016年1—12月在南海区采集降水样品,对降水pH、电导率及离子成分进行测定。结果表明:降水pH年均值为5.05,降水的电导率和总离子浓度年均值分别为19.4 μS/cm和6.41 mg/L,南海区2016年的酸雨污染有所改善,但酸雨频率高达63.1%,降水酸化程度仍较高;人为源贡献的N O 3 - 和S O 4 2 - 起主要致酸作用,通过分析S/N发现,N O 3 - 在南海区降水中的致酸作用已超过S O 4 2 - ,成为首要致酸因子。  相似文献   
108.
    
Several environmental phenomena can be described by different correlated variables that must be considered jointly in order to be more representative of the nature of these phenomena. For such events, identification of extremes is inappropriate if it is based on marginal analysis. Extremes have usually been linked to the notion of quantile, which is an important tool to analyze risk in the univariate setting. We propose to identify multivariate extremes and analyze environmental phenomena in terms of the directional multivariate quantile, which allows us to analyze the data considering all the variables implied in the phenomena, as well as look at the data in interesting directions that can better describe an environmental catastrophe. Because there are many references in the literature that propose extremes detection based on copula models, we also generalize the copula method by introducing the directional approach. Advantages and disadvantages of the nonparametric proposal that we introduce and the copula methods are provided in the paper. We show with simulated and real data sets how by considering the first principal component direction we can improve the visualization of extremes. Finally, two cases of study are analyzed: a synthetic case of flood risk at a dam (a three‐variable case) and a real case study of sea storms (a five‐variable case).  相似文献   
109.
    
The development and implementation of both economically and environmentally sustainable precision crop management systems can be greatly enhanced through the use of hyperspectral sensing. In this study, the potential of narrow‐waveband hyperspectral observations for the discrimination of water‐stressed tomato plants (Solanum lycopersicum L.) was investigated in a field experiment conducted in southern Italy. The tomato crop was grown in a 1.8‐ha test field that was split into two plots with different irrigation treatments: optimal and deficit water supplies, with the deficit supply using half of the water of the optimal supply in the second half of the crop growing cycle. Hyperspectral measurements were taken with a field spectroradiometer. To reduce the number of variables, principal component analysis was applied to each of six wavelength band sub‐intervals across the whole wavelength interval from 400 to 1000 nm. The retained principal components were then submitted to canonical discriminant analysis. Finally, the principal components and the canonical component were interpolated using multivariate and univariate geostatistical techniques, respectively, and then mapped. The two irrigation treatments produced different plant biomass and leaf area indices, which were higher under optimal than deficit water conditions, as was the plant water potential. These data show that the correlation between the individual bands varied during the crop cycle, so it was not feasible to choose a specific band to discriminate between the water treatments. However, we show that only a combination of all of the bands that use the full spectral information with differential weighting leads to clear discrimination of the two differently irrigated areas, with a mean accuracy of 75% to 77%. The processing of hyperspectral reflectance data using canonical discriminant analysis can thus provide valuable information for the agricultural producer for the identification of within‐field areas of plant stress, so as to implement site‐specific irrigation strategies. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   
110.
    
Air pollution is a wide concern for human health and requires the development of air quality control strategies. In order to achieve this goal pollution sources have to be accurately identified and quantified. The case study presented in this paper is part of a scientific project initiated by the French Ministry of Ecology and Sustainable Development. For the following study measurements of chemical composition data for particles have been conducted on a French urban site. The first step of the study consists in the identification of the sources profiles which is achieved through principal component analysis (PCA) completed by a rotation technique. Then the apportionment of the sources is evaluated with a receptor modeling using positive matrix factorization (PMF) as estimation method. Finally the joint use of these two statistical methods enables to characterize and apportion five different sources of fine particulate emission. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   
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