Spatial and Seasonal Variations of Disinfection Byproducts (DBPs) in Drinking Water Distribution Systems of Istanbul City,Turkey

This study presents the seasonal and spatial variations of trihalomethanes (THMs) and haloacetic acids (HAAs) in 30 sampling points within three water distribution systems of Istanbul City, Turkey. The effects of surface water quality, seasonal variation, and species differences were examined. The occurrence of chlorinated THMs and HAAs levels was considerably lower in the system in which raw water is subjected to pre-ozonation versus pre-chlorination. Seasonal analysis of the data indicated that the median concentration of four THMs (THM₄) was higher than nine HAAs (HAA₉) concentrations in all three distribution systems sampling points. For all distribution systems monitored, the highest median THM₄ and HAA₉ concentrations were observed in the spring and summer season, while the lowest concentrations of these disinfection byproduct (DBP) compounds were obtained in the fall and winter period. Due to the higher level of bromide in supplying waters of these two systems, moderate levels of brominated DBP species have been observed in the Kagithane and Buyukcekmece distribution systems districts. In fact, Spearman partial correlations (Spearman rank correlation coefficients [rs]) tend to be higher among analogues in terms of number and types of substituent, especially TCAA with TCM (rs 0.91), and DBAA with DBCM (rs 0.90). In contrast, the hydraulic (residence time and flow rate) and chemical mechanisms (hydrolysis, volatilization, and adsorption) affect the fate and transport of DBPs in distribution systems. Seasonal and spatial variations of DBPs presented in this study have important implications on regulatory issues and from an epidemiological point of view.     

白洋淀沼泽区与开阔水域区颗粒物组分特征与沉降通量研究

选取白洋淀的沼泽区(烧车淀)与开阔水域区(采蒲台)为研究区域,分析了水体中新生沉降颗粒物组分组成、沉降通量及其来源.结果表明,两种典型水域中水体颗粒物组分差异显著,其中,烧车淀水域颗粒物成分以有机质(OM)为主,质量占比达到49.59%～74.14%;而采蒲台水域颗粒物以无机组分为主,占比为54.52%～79.27%.烧车淀沉降颗粒物中总碳(TC)、总氮(TN)含量分别为(221.16±39.73)g·kg^-1和(21.10±1.67)g·kg^-1;采蒲台沉降颗粒物中TC和TN的含量分别为(172.28±91.22)g·kg^-1和(15.72±8.12)g·kg^-1.由固相¹³C CP/MAS NMR光谱结果分析出白洋淀沉降颗粒物中碳组分以烷基碳、烷氧基碳为主,其中,烧车淀淀面水域颗粒物中以易分解碳烷氧基碳为主(65.65%),采蒲台淀面水域颗粒物中以较稳定烷基碳为主(50.76%).开阔水域区颗粒物沉降通量高于沼泽化区,均值分别为10.63 g·m^-2·...     

植被演替下植物组成多样性和群落稳定性与土壤团聚体的关系

为揭示植被自然恢复过程中植物组成多样性和群落稳定性与土壤团聚体的关系,防治水土流失,提高土壤质量.通过野外调查采样,确定并分析黄土高原近150年植被演替不同阶段的植被特征与土壤团聚体数据.结果表明:该过程共有种子植物39科99属128种,优势科是菊科、蔷薇科、禾本科和豆科,优势属是蒿属,单种属是该过程植物属的主体,出现频率较高的植物有大披针薹草、胡枝子、白刺花、水栒子、青蒿、虎榛子、辽东栎、茶条枫、油松、绣线菊、狗娃花等.植物地理成分在属级水平上有11个分布区类型8个变型,温带性质明显,热带性质（R值）与温带性质（T值）的比值（R/T）随恢复年限的增加而降低,R值与R/T值显著正相关,热带成分扩散分布受到限制.植物丰富度呈单峰曲线,在恢复年限为40～70年时最高.依照不同恢复年限对群落稳定性进行排序:70>120>135>150>40>10>20>0年.R值与植物种系分化度（SD值）极显著正相关,T值与稳定性极显著正相关.>5mm粒径团聚体与受热带性质物种驱动的植物丰富度有关.>0.25mm粒径团聚体总体上与群落稳定性保持一致,均受...     

基于主成分分析法的产业共生系统生态效率评价研究

生态工业园区是我国发展循环经济的重要载体,如何准确评价当前我国生态工业园区的生态效率对生态工业园区建设和发展有重要的意义。以生态效率和产业生态学理论为基础,参照国家环保总局《综合类生态工业园区标准（试行）》,建立了产业共生系统生态效率评价指标体系,并以主成分分析为基础,提出了产业共生系统生态效率评价方法。通过苏州高新区、苏州工业园区生态工业园和无锡新区生态工业示范园区等3个工业园区的案例研究得出样本指标中对生态效率影响最大的3个主成分和样本主成分的排名,以及生态效率进行比较排序,发现苏州工业园区生态工业园总体生态效率最高,无锡新区生态工业示范园区其次,苏州高新区则相对较差。根据各园区在各主成分的效率比较,指出各园区有待改进的环节。具体说明主成分分析在生态产业共生系统生态效率中的运用及优点。     

扬州市土地利用变化的驱动力机制研究

基于扬州市1996—2004各年份土地利用数据及相关统计资料。分析了8年中土地变化的特点及主要驱动力因子，结果表明：①8年来全市主要土地利用类型的变化表现出耕地、园地的面积大幅下降，建设用地的面积普遍增长；②选择11项指标构建土地利用变化驱动力模型，采用“主成分分析法”及SPSS13．0统计软件。分析得出：影响该市土地利用变化的主要驱动力因子是人口和经济的增长；③运用Eviews 3．1软件对土地利用变化中经济因素的驱动作用做回归分析得出：全市GDP每增长1亿元，需要新增建设用地约15．36hm^2．减少耕地约17．53hm^2；城镇化水平每增加1个百分点．需要减少耕地面积389．3hm^2，同时扩展城镇用地266．17hm^2。     

Statistical source identification of metals in groundwater exposed to industrial contamination

Levels of selected metals Na, Ca, Mg, K, Fe, Mn, Cr, Co, Ni, Cd, Pb and Mn were estimated by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry in groundwater samples from Kasur, a significant industrial city of Pakistan. Salient mean concentration levels were recorded for: Na (211 mg/l), Ca (187 mg/l), Mg (122 mg/l), K (87.7 mg/l), Fe (2.57 mg/l) and Cr (2.12 mg/l). Overall, the decreasing metal concentration order was: Na > Ca > Mg > K > Fe > Cr > Zn > Co > Pb > Mn > Ni > Cd. Significantly positive correlations were found between Na–Cr (r = 0.553), Na–Mn (r = 0.543), Mg–Fe (r = 0.519), Mg–Cr (r = 0.535), Pb–K (r = 0.506) and Pb–Ni (r = 0.611). Principal Component Analysis and Cluster Analysis identified tannery effluents as the main source of metal contamination of the groundwater. The present metal data showed that Cr, Pb and Fe levels were several times higher than those recommended for water quality by WHO, US-EPA, EU and Japan. The elevated levels of Cr, recorded as 21–42 fold higher compared with the recommended quality values, were believed to originate from the tanning industry of Kasur.     

Water Consumption and Long-run Socio-economic Development: an Intervention and a Principal Component Analysis for the City of Milan

This paper analyses the evolution of water consumption in Milan during the twentieth century. However, dealing with a century time series raises some complicated statistic and econometric issues. To study the main research questions outlined by the literature, as the presence of consumption habits and the link between consumption and price, we use a quite original approach – based on intervention analysis and principal component analysis (PCA) – which seems to be more adequate than “regression-type” approaches to study a so long time series. Results indicate (1) how some events have modified the normal evolution of per-capita water consumption; (2) that per-capita water consumption is a very persistent series, namely, that water users should have well-developed consumption habits; (3) that per-capita consumption and water price present a strong negative correlation.

Hydrochemical evaluation of the Voltaian system--the Afram Plains area, Ghana

Inverse geochemical modeling from PHREEQC, and multivariate statistical methods were jointly used to define the genetic origin of chemical parameters of groundwater from the Voltaian aquifers in the Afram Plains area. The study finds, from hierarchical cluster analysis that there are two main hydrochemical facies namely the calcium-sodium-chloride-bicarbonate waters and the magnesium-potassium-sulfate-nitrate waters in the northern and southern sections, respectively, of the Afram Plains area. This facies differentiation is confirmed by the distribution of the SO(4)(2-)/Cl(-) ratio, which associates groundwater from the northern and southern sections to areas influenced by contact with evaporites and seawater, respectively. Principal component analysis (PCA) with varimax rotation using the Kaiser criterion identifies four principal sources of variation in the hydrochemistry. Mineral saturation indices calculated from both major ions and trace elements, indicate saturation-supersaturation with respect to calcite, aragonite, k-mica, chlorite, rhodochrosite, kaolinite, sepiolite, and talc, and undersaturation with respect to albite, anorthite, and gypsum in the area. Inverse geochemical modeling along groundwater flowpaths indicates the dissolution of albite, anorthite and gypsum and the precipitation of kaolinite, k-mica, talc, and quartz. Both the PCA and inverse geochemical modeling identify the incongruent weathering of feldspars as the principal factors controlling the hydrochemistry in the Afram Plains area. General phase transfer equations have been developed to characterize the geochemical evolution of groundwater in the area. A very good relationship has been established between calcite and aragonite saturation indices in the Afram Plains area, with R(2)=1.00.     

山东省耕地变化动态平衡研究

山东省耕地资源总量虽在近几年相对增加,但总体仍呈下降趋势,且人均耕地面积下降速度更快,耕地资源状况不容乐观。目前全省各地市耕地总量变化的动态平衡程度不一,德州市是耕地资源动态平衡相对最好的地市,其次为青岛、枣庄和泰安市,莱芜市耕地资源动态平衡状况较差。利用主成分分析方法的计算结果表明,经济活动、社会人口和农业科技发展水平等因素为影响山东省耕地数量变化的主要驱动因子;在以上研究的基础上,预测了山东省人口承载力和2010年粮食短缺情况。     

杉木生长对南方涛动的可能响应

对杉木中心产区边缘杉木个体年轮生长规律进行了研究,分析了杉木年轮生长的特点,建立杉木个体年轮的时间模型,求算年轮指数,通过对２０多年来南方涛动指数第一、第二主分量与杉木人工林生长关系的研究,探讨南方涛动对杉木生长的可能影响,以南方涛动第一、第二主分量为自变量,建立杉木人工林年轮生长模型,模拟精度达９１．０５％,说明南方涛动对杉木人工林胸径生长可能存在一定影响（α＝０．０５）。