京杭大运河沿线主要城市旅游竞争力研究

选取京杭大运河沿线13个主要城市,从经济、旅游、环境和服务四个方面构建城市旅游竞争力评价指标体系,运用主成分分析法评价其旅游综合实力,并在此基础上将这些城市划分为旅游竞争力最强型、较强型和较弱型3个层次,评价其发展旅游业的优势和劣势,并针对不同层次城市旅游业发展现状和特点提出相应对策建议.     

珠江三角洲城市竞争力评价

科学分析了珠江三角洲核心城市的综合竞争力状况,探讨了提升城市竞争力的对策.作者构建3个层次39个指标的评价体系,运用主成份分析法提取4个独立的主成份,借助线性加权函数模型计算了城市综合竞争力.结果表明,2002年城市竞争力由高到低排序为:深圳、广州、佛山、东莞、惠州、中山、珠海、江门、肇庆,划分了强竞争力型、较强竞争力型和较弱竞争力型三种类型,并分别分析了各类城市发展存在的优劣势,提出5条提升城市竞争力的建议.     

气象因子对鹤望兰产量的影响因素

采用滑移相关和斜交因子分析方法,得出影响成都地区鹤望兰产量的气象因子是温度、光照和相对湿度,且有显著的超前性.冬季的增温、增光和降低湿度是增加春季产量的重要管理环节,而秋季的增光、降低湿度是提高秋、冬季产量的重要措施.     

Pollution profiles and physicochemical parameters in old uncontrolled landfills

The long-term effectiveness of the geological barrier beneath municipal-waste landfills is a critical issue for soil and groundwater protection. This study examines natural clayey soils directly in contact with the waste deposited in three landfills over 12 years old in Spain. Several physicochemical and geological parameters were measured as a function of depth. Electrical conductivity (EC), water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC), Cl⁻, NH₄⁺, Na⁺ and exchangeable NH₄⁺ and Na⁺ were used as parameters to measure the penetration of landfill leachate pollution. Mineralogy, specific surface area and cationic-exchange capacities were analyzed to characterize the materials under the landfills. A principal component analysis, combined with a Varimax rotation, was applied to the data to determine patterns of association between samples and variables not evident upon initial inspection. The main factors explaining the variation in the data are related to waste composition and local geology. Although leachates have been in contact with clays for long time periods (13-24 years), WSOC and EC fronts are attenuated at depths of 0.2-1.5 m within the clay layer. Taking into account this depth of the clayey materials, these natural substrata (>45% illite-smectite-type sheet silicates) are suitable for confining leachate pollution and for complying with European legislation. This paper outlines the relevant differences in the clayey materials of the three landfills in which a diffusive flux attenuation capacity (A_c) is defined as a function (1) of the rate of decrease of the parameters per meter of material, (2) of the age and area of the landfill and (3) of the quantity and quality of the wastes.     

Trace metals in atmospheric fine particles in one industrial urban city: Spatial variations, sources, and health implications

Trace metals in PM2.5were measured at one industrial site and one urban site during September, 2010 in Ji'nan, eastern China. Individual aerosol particles and PM2.5samples were collected concurrently at both sites. Mass concentrations of eleven trace metals(i.e., Al, Ti, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Sr, Ba, and Pb) and one metalloid(i.e., As) were measured by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy(ICP-AES). The result shows that mass concentrations of PM2.5(130 μg/m3) and trace metals(4.03 μg/m3) at the industrial site were 1.3 times and 1.7 times higher than those at the urban site, respectively, indicating that industrial activities nearby the city can emit trace metals into the surrounding atmosphere. Fe concentrations were the highest among all the measured trace metals at both sites, with concentrations of 1.04 μg/m3at the urban site and 2.41 μg/m3at the industrial site, respectively. In addition, Pb showed the highest enrichment factors at both sites, suggesting the emissions from anthropogenic activities existed around the city. Correlation coefcient analysis and principal component analysis revealed that Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb, and Zn were originated from vehicular trafc and industrial emissions at both sites; As, Cr, and part of Pb from coal-fired power plant; Ba and Ti from natural soil. Based on the transmission electron microscopy analysis, we found that most of the trace metals were internally mixed with secondary sulfate/organic particles. These internally mixed trace metals in the urban air may have diferent toxic abilities compared with externally mixed trace metals.     

三峡库区消落带N2O排放及其影响因素

为了探讨亚热带水库消落带N_2O的排放规律,选取三峡库区王家沟一典型消落带内3个高程(180、175和155 m)作为研究对象,采用静态暗箱和浮箱法进行了为期2 a的连续观测.175 m和155 m高程位于三峡库区消落带上,而180 m高程作为对照,为永不淹水的陆地.结果表明,各高程处的N_2O排放通量都表现出明显的季节变化,180 m高程处的春季N_2O排放最低;175 m高程在实验观测的第一年表现为单峰型的夏季N_2O排放高峰,次年在三峡水库实现最高蓄水位175 m后,表现为干湿交替和夏季N_2O高排放的双峰型;155 m高程处只呈现为夏季高N_2O排放的单峰态.另外,位于消落带上的175 m和155 m高程均表现为落干期N_2O排放大于淹水期.各高程处N_2O的年累积排放量为175 m(853.92 mg·m-2)180 m(336.69mg·m~(-2))155 m(324.69 mg·m~(-2)),与180 m高程对照相比,表明短期淹水会促进N_2O排放,而长期淹水则会抑制N_2O排放.相关性分析显示,陆地与消落带落干期的N_2O排放与各环境因子间无显著相关性,消落带淹水期排放与水温和风速呈极显著负相关.对影响陆地、消落带淹水期和落干期N_2O排放的因素进行主成分分析可知,消落带淹水期水体中可溶性氮素的分布是影响水面N_2O排放的最主要因素,而消落带落干期及陆地则是受土壤碳氮含量、土壤温度、湿度及pH等因素的共同影响和制约.     

1986～2008年中国区域环境质量变化差异研究

从污染物排放量、污染物处理能力和单位土地面积的污染物排放量等方面选取中国28个省市区的18项环境指标数据,运用主成分分析、标准差、Mann-Kendall和聚类分析法,研究1986～2008年间中国区域环境质量差异及格局变化.研究表明,这期间中国区域环境质量差异呈现波动缓慢上升,分为1986～2000、2000～200...     

基于乡镇尺度的农田土壤中污染物来源解析及风险评价

大比例尺的区域土壤调查已经展开,但以乡镇为比例尺的调查很少,因此,本文以绵远河、石亭江两个水系流域乡镇的农田土壤为研究对象,在查明污染物浓度的基础上,对其来源及污染程度进行研究.相关性分析、聚类分析和因子分析的结果显示,两个水系流域农田土壤中污染物来源为自然源、交通源、农业活动源及工业活动源;绝对主成分得分-多元线性回...     

堆腐城市生活垃圾对莴笋生长影响的主分量分析

在不同的土壤上,城市生活垃圾对莴笋生长的影响不同。在石灰性土壤上,莴笋产量与垃圾用量间的关系符合对数模型,其边际产量随垃圾用量增加而减少,与一般肥料效应相似;而在强酸性土壤上,莴笋产量与垃圾用量间的关系可用抛物线模型模拟,在试验用量范围内,其边际产量随垃圾用量的增加而增加,显著高于一般肥料效应。通过主分量分析,查明垃圾促进莴笋生长的原因如下：①降低土壤粘性;②改善土壤营养条件;③对于酸性土壤,垃圾     

岩溶地下河水文地球化学对降雨的响应：以重庆雪玉洞地下河系统为例

通过对降雨条件下重庆雪玉洞地下河水文地球化学指标的监测,发现各种指标对降雨响应迅速,且存在相关性.采用主成分分析对各指标数据进行处理,提取能代表82.761%信息量的3个主成分,来分析降雨条件下岩溶地下河水文地球化学的特征及其成因.结果表明,以全Fe、全Mn、Al3+等浓度升高为代表的土壤淋失和以K+、Na+、Sr2+浓度降低、EC下降为代表的稀释效应,对水文地球化学特征变化的贡献率为41.718%,降雨加剧了岩溶区土壤的侵蚀,同时危及饮用水的安全,应引起相关部门的足够重视;岩溶水对白云岩的溶解和补给区农业活动、洞穴生物对水文地球化学特征变化的贡献率为29.958%;以Ca2+浓度升高为代表的岩溶水对灰岩的溶蚀作用对水文地球化学特征的贡献率为11.084%.