Pollution profiles and physicochemical parameters in old uncontrolled landfills

The long-term effectiveness of the geological barrier beneath municipal-waste landfills is a critical issue for soil and groundwater protection. This study examines natural clayey soils directly in contact with the waste deposited in three landfills over 12 years old in Spain. Several physicochemical and geological parameters were measured as a function of depth. Electrical conductivity (EC), water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC), Cl⁻, NH₄⁺, Na⁺ and exchangeable NH₄⁺ and Na⁺ were used as parameters to measure the penetration of landfill leachate pollution. Mineralogy, specific surface area and cationic-exchange capacities were analyzed to characterize the materials under the landfills. A principal component analysis, combined with a Varimax rotation, was applied to the data to determine patterns of association between samples and variables not evident upon initial inspection. The main factors explaining the variation in the data are related to waste composition and local geology. Although leachates have been in contact with clays for long time periods (13-24 years), WSOC and EC fronts are attenuated at depths of 0.2-1.5 m within the clay layer. Taking into account this depth of the clayey materials, these natural substrata (>45% illite-smectite-type sheet silicates) are suitable for confining leachate pollution and for complying with European legislation. This paper outlines the relevant differences in the clayey materials of the three landfills in which a diffusive flux attenuation capacity (A_c) is defined as a function (1) of the rate of decrease of the parameters per meter of material, (2) of the age and area of the landfill and (3) of the quantity and quality of the wastes.     

京杭大运河沿线主要城市旅游竞争力研究

选取京杭大运河沿线13个主要城市,从经济、旅游、环境和服务四个方面构建城市旅游竞争力评价指标体系,运用主成分分析法评价其旅游综合实力,并在此基础上将这些城市划分为旅游竞争力最强型、较强型和较弱型3个层次,评价其发展旅游业的优势和劣势,并针对不同层次城市旅游业发展现状和特点提出相应对策建议.     

珠江三角洲城市竞争力评价

科学分析了珠江三角洲核心城市的综合竞争力状况,探讨了提升城市竞争力的对策.作者构建3个层次39个指标的评价体系,运用主成份分析法提取4个独立的主成份,借助线性加权函数模型计算了城市综合竞争力.结果表明,2002年城市竞争力由高到低排序为:深圳、广州、佛山、东莞、惠州、中山、珠海、江门、肇庆,划分了强竞争力型、较强竞争力型和较弱竞争力型三种类型,并分别分析了各类城市发展存在的优劣势,提出5条提升城市竞争力的建议.     

气象因子对鹤望兰产量的影响因素

采用滑移相关和斜交因子分析方法,得出影响成都地区鹤望兰产量的气象因子是温度、光照和相对湿度,且有显著的超前性.冬季的增温、增光和降低湿度是增加春季产量的重要管理环节,而秋季的增光、降低湿度是提高秋、冬季产量的重要措施.     

基于乡镇尺度的农田土壤中污染物来源解析及风险评价

大比例尺的区域土壤调查已经展开,但以乡镇为比例尺的调查很少,因此,本文以绵远河、石亭江两个水系流域乡镇的农田土壤为研究对象,在查明污染物浓度的基础上,对其来源及污染程度进行研究.相关性分析、聚类分析和因子分析的结果显示,两个水系流域农田土壤中污染物来源为自然源、交通源、农业活动源及工业活动源;绝对主成分得分-多元线性回...     

主分量分析法用于湖泊富营养化评价的相互比较

应用主分量分析法,建立一个度量湖泊富营养化程度的综合指标,根据该综合指标的大小,可以进行湖泊富营养化程度的相互比较.通过实例分析并与统计评分评价结果比较表明,该法具有显著辨别不同富营养程度的变异性能力.     

镇江城市道路沉积物中重金属污染的来源分析

道路沉积物是一重要环境介质,其颗粒物积累的潜在毒性对于城市水体是一重要危害,因此,识别道路沉积物重金属的含量及来源就显得尤其重要.分析了采集于镇江市商业区、河滨公园、居民区和交通繁忙区的62个样品中的Zn、Pb、Cu、Cr和Ni 5种重金属,它们在交通繁荣区含量最大,Zn、Cu、Cr和Ni含量在商业区、河滨公园和居民区并无明显差异.通过主成分分析识别道路沉积物中重金属的来源,发现不同功能区的重金属来源有所差别,各功能区中第一主成分(贡献率70％以上)代表来自交通活动产生的污染源,或者是与工业污染源共同产生的混合污染源;第二主成分代表来自工业污染源或者是生活污染源,并且道路沉积物中重金属与有机质显著相关,最后计算了重金属浓度富集率(CER),以评价人类活动对于重金属污染的影响程度.结果表明,有机质是镇江城市道路沉积物中重金属的重要载体, 人类活动对于该地区重金属污染影响达到中等或中等以上的程度.     

有源相控阵天线的瞬态热分析方法研究

目的在保证一定计算精度的前提下,减少有源相控阵天线瞬态热仿真分析的计算时间。方法使用正交分析方法分析一类毫米波T/R组件中的器件位置、T/R组件尺寸等相关参数。使用极差分析和因素效应分析的方法,分别指出影响简化模型计算精度的几个参数,同时给出可保证一定精度的参数范围。结果采用所研究的简化方法,对组件和天线阵面均进行了仿真试验对比,结果表明,单个组件温度响应的实测结果和仿真分析结果误差低于11%。采用详细建模的T/R组件和简化的T/R组件进行天线全阵建模的结果最大误差为5.1℃,最小误差为1.2℃。结论在W/d0.8的前提下,对组件中的芯片进行整体建模的简化,其仿真计算的精度无论对于单个组件还是天线阵面的计算均完全满足工程设计需求。     

Vertical characteristics and source identification of PM10 in Tianjin

Ambient PM₁₀ (particulate matter with a diameter less than 10 μm) concentrations were measured on a 255 meter tower in Tianjin, China. The samples were collected at four vertical levels (10, 40, 120 and 220 m). Vertical characteristics for PM₁₀ samples were studied. The results showed that the concentrations of PM₁₀ and constituent species had a negative correlation with the sampling height. The highest concentrations of PM₁₀ and species were obtained at the 10 m level, and the lowest concentrations were measured at the 220 m level. For the fractions of species to total mass, SO₄^2- and NO₃^- had higher values (fraction) at greater height; while Ca had a higher fraction at lower height. Possible source categories for the PM₁₀ ambient dataset were identified by the principal component analysis method. The possible source categories included crustal dust, vehicles, cement dust, and incineration as well as secondary sulfate and nitrate sources. Analysis of meteorological factors on PM₁₀ concentrations indicated that wind speed and inversion may be the main factors contributing to different concentrations of PM₁₀ at different heights.     

不同结构好氧/厌氧潜流人工湿地微生物群落代谢特性

4种不同结构的好氧/厌氧多级串联潜流人工湿地对COD和氮的去除效果不同.为了探究基质微生物群落代谢特征及其与水质净化效果的关系,对利用Biolog微平板得到的AWCD值(平均每孔光密度值)进行碳源分类、主成分分析以及聚类分析.结果表明,微生物对于糖类及其衍生物和氨基酸及其衍生物的利用水平明显高于对脂肪酸及脂类和代谢中间产物及次生代谢物的利用水平;OBAAO(好氧-缓冲-厌氧-缺氧-好氧)曝气组中采样点3.3(厌氧采样点)微生物对4类碳源的利用水平都最低,与其他各采样点具有显著性差异(p<0.05),96hAWCD值主成分分析和聚类分析的结果表明,OBAAO曝气组采样点3.3中的微生物群落和其他3个进行厌氧反应的采样点中的微生物群落发生了较大的差异,OBAAO曝气组延长厌氧段长度为微生物提供厌氧环境,而由于缺少碳源作为能量,使得微生物的活性受到抑制;OBAAO曝气多点进水组中的采样点4.3(厌氧采样点)微生物在4类碳源的利用水平上都具有一定的优势性,OBAAO曝气多点进水组补充进水和延长厌氧段长度两个措施有效地促进了微生物的反硝化作用的强度,提高了水平潜流人工湿地的氮去除率.