Changes in quality of groundwater with seasonal fluctuations: an example from Ghor Sari area, southern Dead Sea coastal aquifers, Jordan

The demand for water resources in the area south of the Dead Sea due to continued development, especially at the Arab Potash Company (APC) for production and domestic purposes necessitates that water quality in the area be monitored and evaluated based on     

近50多年青海玉树冻土变化特征分析

利用青海玉树县从建站至2009年的冻土观测资料,分析了玉树土壤年最大冻结深度,冻结初、终日,无冻土期变化特征。结果表明：近50多a,玉树县土壤冻结具有明显的季节变化特征,冻结主要出现在10月~翌年4月;6月中旬~9月上旬为无冻土安全期;多年平均无冻土期173 d,80%保证率下的无冻土期为147 d（不足5个月）;玉树土壤年最大冻结深度没有明显的变化趋势,仅呈阶段性变化特征。0~5 cm土壤冻结初、终日没有明显变化趋势,10~30 cm深度土壤冻结初日呈变早、终日呈推迟的趋势。而近50 a玉树冬季平均气温、平均最低气温及年极端最低气温均呈显著上升趋势。由此说明对季节性冻土区的玉树而言,气候变暖并不一定意味着其年最大冻结深度变薄、表层土壤冻结初日推迟、终日提早,土壤冻结深度的变化除与温度有关外可能还受其他要素的影响。该结论与我国部分学者对青藏高原南部冻土研究结论一致     

Seasonal variations of hydroxylated and methoxylated brominated diphenyl ethers in blue mussels from the Baltic Sea

Hydroxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers (OH-PBDEs) and methoxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers (MeO-PBDEs) found at high levels in the Baltic biota are mainly natural products, but can also be formed through metabolism or abiotic oxidation of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). The formation of OH-PBDEs is of concern since there is growing evidence of phenolic toxicity. This study investigates seasonal variations in levels of OH-PBDEs and MeO-PBDEs, focusing on an exposed species, the blue mussel (Mytilus edulis), sampled in the Baltic Sea in May, June, August and October of 2008. Both the OH-PBDE and MeO-PBDE levels in the mussels showed seasonal variations from May to October, the highest concentration of each congener appearing in June. The seasonal variation was more marked for OH-PBDEs than in MeO-PBDEs, but all congeners showed the same trends, except 6-MeO-BDE47 and 2′-MeO-BDE68, which did not significantly decline in concentrations after June. Biotic or abiotic debromination is suggested as a possible reason for the rapid decrease in methoxylated penta- and hexa-BDE concentrations observed in blue mussels from June to August, while the tetraBDE concentrations were stable. In addition, 1,3,7/1,3,8-tribrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins showed the same seasonal variation. The seasonal variations indicates natural formation and are unlikely to be due to transformation of anthropogenic precursors. The levels of PBDEs were fairly constant over time and considerably lower than those of the OH-PBDEs and MeO-PBDEs. The timing of the peaks in concentrations suggests that filamentous macro-algae may be important sources of these compounds found in the blue mussels from this Baltic Sea location.     

Atmospheric radon in Hong Kong

For the first time in Hong Kong, atmospheric radon concentration was continuously monitored between November 2007 and October 2008. This paper presents the results obtained during the 12-month period. The annual mean atmospheric radon concentration in Hong Kong was found to be 9.3 Bq m⁻³ which was close to the level at neighbouring places like Guangdong and Taiwan. An estimation of the dose arising from atmospheric radon to the Hong Kong population was made. The meteorological effects on the variation of atmospheric radon concentration were discussed. It was found that the origin of the airmass and stability of the local atmosphere played vital roles in the seasonal and diurnal variations respectively, whereas precipitation caused abrupt changes in rainy days. An attempt was also made to find out the contribution of atmospheric radon to the ambient gamma dose rate.     

Eutrophication of Lake Tasaul,Romania—proposals for rehabilitation

Background, aim, and scope  The reclamation of nonferrous metal-polluted soil by phytoremediation requires an overall and permanent plant cover. To select the most suitable plant species, it is necessary to study metal effects on plants over the time, thereby checking that metals remain stored in root systems and not transferred to aerial parts. In this purpose, the seasonal and annual variations of metal bioaccumulation, transfer, and phytotoxicity in Trifolium repens and Lolium perenne grown in a Cd-, Pb-, and Zn-contaminated soil were also studied. Materials and methods  The experimental site was located near a closed smelter. In spring 2004, two areas were sown with T. repens and L. perenne, respectively. Thereafter, the samplings of plant roots and shoots and surrounding soils were realized in autumn 2004 and spring and autumn 2005. The soil agronomic characteristics, the Cd, Pb, and Zn concentrations in the surrounded soils and plant organs, as well as the oxidative alterations (superoxide dismutase [SOD], malondialdehyde [MDA], and 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine [8-OHdG]) in plant organs were carried out. Results  Whatever the sampling period, metal concentrations in soils and plants were higher than background values. Contrary to the soils, the fluctuations of metal concentrations were observed in plant organs over the time. Bioaccumulation and transfer factors confirmed that metals were preferentially accumulated in the roots as follows: Cd>Zn>Pb, and their transfer to shoots was limited. Foliar metal deposition was also observed. The results showed that there were seasonal and annual variations of metal accumulation in the two studied plant species. These variations differed according to the organs and followed nearly the same pattern for the two species. Oxidative alterations were observed in plant organs with regard to SOD antioxidant activities, MDA, and 8-OHdG concentrations. These alterations vary according to the temporal variations of metal concentrations. Discussion  Metal concentrations in surrounded soils and plant organs showed the effective contamination by industrial dust emissions. Metals absorbed by plants were mainly stored in the roots. With regard to this storage, the plants seemed to limit the metal transfer to their aerial parts over the time, thereby indicating their availability for metal phytostabilization. Aerial deposition was another source of plant exposure to nonferrous metals. Despite the occurrence of metal-induced oxidative alterations in plant organs, both plant species seemed to tolerate a high metal concentration in soils. Conclusions  Taken together, these results indicated that T. repens and L. perenne were able to form a plant cover on highly Cd-, Pb-, and Zn-polluted soils, to limit the metal transfer to their aerial parts and were relatively metal-tolerant. All these characteristics made them suitable for phytostabilization on metal-contaminated soils. These findings also highlighted the necessity to take into account seasonal and annual variations for a future phytomanagement. Recommendations and perspectives  In this work, the behavior of plant species grown in metal-polluted soil has been studied during 2 years. Obviously, this time is too short to ensure that metals remain accumulated in the root system and few are transferred in aerial parts over the time. It is why regular monitoring should be achieved during more than a decade after the settlement of the plant cover. This work will be completed by the study of the T. repens and L. perenne effects on mobility of metals in order to evaluate the quantities of pollutants which could be absorbed by the biota and transferred to groundwater. Bioaccessibility tests could be also realized on polluted soils in order to evaluate the phytostabilization impacts on the exposition risks for humans.     

银川地区地下水矿物的水文地球化学模拟

以银川地区为例,用水文地球化学模拟研究了地下水化学组分的存在形式和矿物的存在形态.通过对银川地区144组水化学常量组分的计算分析和水文地球化学模拟计算,系统研究了地下水化学组分和矿物饱和指数的变化.研究表明,1)在银川地区,山前洪积扇→冲洪积平原→河湖积平原→河漫滩,矿化度从西向东不断增高,由淡水向盐化水转化,水化学类型由HCO3·SO4-Ca·Mg向SO4·Cl～Na·Mg过渡;2)地下水从山前洪积扇到黄河漫滩,SO42-的存在对Ca2 和Mg2 的存在形式有很大影响,随着SO42-含量和矿化度的上升,络合组分CaSO40和MgSO40分别相对Ca2 和Mg2 呈逐渐升高的趋势,与之对应的是游离Ca2 和Mg2 的相对含量逐渐降低,CaSO40和MgSO40在黄河漫滩相对含量皆超过20%;3)方解石和白云石的饱和指数在整个地下水流动范围内均呈现过饱和状态,并从冲洪积平原和河湖积平原分别向山前洪积扇和河漫滩降低,石膏饱和指数小于0,从山前洪积扇向河漫滩逐渐升高,表明石膏处于不断溶解的状态.     

北江上游水环境重金属污染及生态毒性的时空变化

为了解北江中上游(翁源段)翁江及横石河沿岸地区水环境中重金属污染现状及其时空变化特征,分别于2013年8月(丰水期)和2014年3月(枯水期)采集两条河流及其周边地区不同点位的地表水及地下水,分析了水体中As、Cd、Cu、Ni、Pb和Zn 6种重金属元素的含量及变化,并结合发光菌毒性测试方法对水体的生态毒性进行了评价.结果表明,横石河受重金属污染较翁江严重,丰、枯水期重金属Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb的平均浓度分别为1029.0、11086、36.200、114.00μg·L-1和444.20、8332.2、31.300、41.200μg·L-1,分别是地表水III类水质标准值的2.96、41.1、24.8、8.31倍和1.38、33.9、21.2、3.47倍;各重金属浓度最高值均出现在S1处,且该点位的水体明显呈酸性(p H=3.23),究其原因发现大宝山矿区是横石河水体重金属的主要污染源.生态毒性测试结果显示,不同时期横石河河水及沿岸地下水体对发光菌均产生了显著的毒性效应,其中,S1处水样丰、枯水期的抑制率分别高达100%和97.3%,为剧毒;而翁江仅丰水期时S12、S14处的河水水样表现出一定的低毒性.     

西南地区紫色水稻土活性碳库的季节动态

以西南大学农业部紫色土生态环境重点野外科学观测试验站试验田为研究对象,探讨了土壤有机碳(soil organiccarbon,SOC)、易氧化有机碳(readily oxidized carbon,ROC)、可溶性有机碳(dissolved organic carbon,DOC)和微生物生物量碳(microbial biomass carbon,MBC)的季节变化。结果表明,在油菜生长季,紫色水稻土SOC、ROC及MBC含量具有相似的季节变化特征,表现为在油菜生长初期和末期含量高,而在生长中期含量低;三者的含量均在生长末期达到最高,分别为16.20g.kg-1、3.58 g.kg-1及309.70 mg.kg-1.DOC含量的季节变化模态为单峰型,在植物生长中期达到最高值37.64 mg.kg-1.各活性有机碳组分的分配比例与其含量的季节变化趋势大致相同,ROC、DOC分配比例以及微生物商的季节变化范围分别为15.49%～23.93%、0.11%～0.32%和1.44%～2.06%.SOC及ROC含量主要取决于地下5 cm处温度、土壤N含量及pH值,MBC含量的主要影响因子为地下5 cm处温度、根系生物量及根系C、N含量,DOC含量主要受土壤水分含量的限制.     

九龙江河口区主要污染物时空变化特征

根据九龙江河口区近30年的历史监测资料和2010年2个航次的现场调查资料,分析了该海域表层海水中无机氮(DIN)、活性磷酸盐(DIP)、化学耗氧量(COD)和石油类浓度的年际变化特征和平面分布变化特征,并应用富营养状态指数(EI)对海水水质进行评价与分析.结果表明,近30年,DIN、DIP年均浓度持续上升,COD年均浓度呈“W”状小幅波动趋势,石油类年均浓度先缓慢增加再降低;DIN浓度平面分布呈由西至东递减的特征,不同年份的DIP浓度平面分布有所差别,而COD和石油类浓度平面分布呈由湾内、西海域向湾外递减的趋势;海水EI呈不断加速升高的趋势,海水水质富营养化程度急剧恶化;受九龙江径流影响,高富营养化海域主要分布在九龙江北、中、南港和南溪入海口附近.所得的主要污染物浓度年际变化特征和平面分布变化特征等将为实施入海污染物总量控制奠定坚实基础.     

黄河三角洲浅层地下水化学特征及形成作用

黄河三角洲高效生态经济区开发建设和黄河下游生态调度均需要了解当地地下水化学特征.在沉积环境分区和补-径-排系统分区的基础上,采用数理统计与地统计、Piper三线图和离子比例系数等方法,对黄河三角洲浅层地下水化学特征及成因进行了系统研究.结果表明,①主要水化学参数Na+、Mg2+、Ca2+、Cl-、SO24-、HCO3-和TDS的质量浓度分别介于0.1～25.0g.L-1、3.6～3 815.0 mg.L-1、5.6～3 377.0 mg.L-1、0.1～45.1 g.L-1、24.2～4 947.0 mg.L-1、62.6～850.0 mg.L-1和0.4～80.7 g.L-1之间,各离子质量浓度均值进一步表明区域内Cl-、Na+和TDS质量浓度很高,而HCO 3-、CO23-和K+质量浓度很低.②Cl-和TDS质量浓度沿地下水流向逐渐增大,二者均呈现显著的方向性空间变异和空间分布一致性,揭示了Cl-是浅层地下水水质的主控离子.③从补给区到排泄区,浅层地下水水化学类型由Na+-Mg2+-Ca2+-Cl--SO42-等复杂类型快速过渡到Na+-Mg2+-Ca2+-Cl-(或Mg2+-Na+-Ca2+-Cl-)及Na+-Mg2+-Cl-型,并在海岸滩涂区演化成Na+-Cl-这一简单类型的水.④混合、蒸发浓缩、溶滤、阳离子交替吸附作用及人类活动的影响是黄河三角洲地区浅层地下水化学成分形成的主要作用.该地区浅层地下水化学特征形成的关键驱动因素是黄河入海流路的变迁和海水入侵.