Occurrence and ecotoxicological risk assessment of pesticides in sediments of the Rosetta branch, Nile River, Egypt

This study aimed to (1) monitor the occurrence and spatiotemporal variations of 100 pesticides in sediments collected monthly from July 2018 to June 2019 from sampling sites in El-Rahawy, Sabal, and Tala, along the Rosetta branch of the Nile River, Egypt, and (2) perform an ecological risk assessment for aquatic organisms upon exposure to the detected sediment pesticides based on the risk quotient (RQ) method. Out of the 100 pesticides monitored, 16 pesticides belonging to seven chemical families were detected, and 55% of the sediment samples were contaminated with one or more pesticide residues. The mean concentration (mg/kg dry weight (dw)) and detection frequency (%) of the four most frequently detected pesticides in the sediment samples were as follows: chlorpyrifos (0.18 mg/kg dw and 34%), p,p′-DDE (0.018 mg/kg dw and 30%), cypermethrin (0.03 mg/kg dw and 14%), and deltamethrin (0.026 mg/kg dw and 13%). The spatial distribution exhibited that El-Rahawy had the highest pesticide load (2.86 mg/kg dw) among the studied sites, whereas the temporal variations revealed that the highest total pesticide concentrations were detected in winter season (1.73 mg/kg dw). Meanwhile, 12 pesticides showed high RQs (>1), posing a potential ecological risk to aquatic species that live and feed on such sediments.     

Spatial and Geographical Variations of Urban, Suburban and Rural Atmospheric Concentrations of Phenols and Nitrophenols (7 pp)

Goal, Scope and Background Atmospheric sampling (gas and particles) of 5 phenols (phenol, m-cresol, p-cresol, o-cresol, pentachlorophenol) and 15 nitrophenols (3-methyl-2-nitrophenol, 3-nitrophenol, 4-methyl-2-nitrophenol, 5-methyl-2-nitrophenol, 2-methyl-3nitrophenol, 3-methyl-4-nitrophenol, 2,6-dinitrophenol, bromoxynil, 2,5-dinitrophenol, 2,6-dinitro-p-cresol, 2,4-dinitrophenol, ioxynil, DNOC, 3,4-dinitrophenol, dinoseb) on XAD-2 resin (20 gr) and glass fibre filters, respectively, were performed in 2002 by using 'Digitel DA80' high volume samplers. These measurements were undertaken in order to show spatial and geographical variations of concentrations and the role of traffic in the emissions of these compounds to the atmosphere. Methods Sampling were performed in Strasbourg (eastern France), in its vicinity (Schiltigheim) and in Erstein. Sites were chosen to be representative of urban (Strasbourg), suburban (Schiltigheim) and rural (Erstein) conditions. Field campaigns were undertaken simultaneously in urban and suburban sites during all the seasons during 4 hours at a flow rate of 60 m3.h-1, which gives a total of 240 m3 of air per sample. Period of sampling varied between 06h00 to 10h00, 11h00 to 15h00 and 18h00 to 22h00 in order to evaluate a variation of concentration during automobile traffic between urban, suburban and rural areas. Gas and particle samples were separately Soxhlet extracted for 12 h with a mixture of CH2Cl2 / n-hexane (50:50 v/v), concentrated to about 1 mL with a rotary evaporated and finally dried under nitrogen. Dry extracts were dissolved in 1 mL of CH3CN. Before analysis, extracts were sylilated by using MTBSTFA. Analysis was performed by GC/MSD in the SIM mode. Results and Discussion Partitioning of phenolic compounds between gas and particle phases seems to be mainly correlated with vapour pressure. Among phenolic compounds analysed, phenol, p-cresol, pentachlorophenol and 2.4-dinitrophenol were detected in all samples and emissions from traffic seems to be the major source for the presence of these compounds to the atmosphere. No increase of concentrations in autumn tend to confirm this hypothesis since, with the use of domestic heating in colder months, increases of PAHs concentrations were observed and these compounds are known to be emitted by all combustion processes. Pentachlorophenol is a special case since this molecule is only used as wood preservative. Its presence in all atmospheric samples, whatever the locations and the period of time is the consequence of its persistence. Conclusions and Perspectives These measurements demonstrate that phenols and nitrophenols are emitted to the atmosphere and further measurements, in order to confirm their sources, their behaviour and their potential impact to the air quality and to human health should be undertaken especially since the literature collected is relatively old. Concentrations of pentachlorophenol measured are very low and, due to its toxicity, further investigations should be undertaken. - * The basis of this peer-reviewed paper is a presentation at the 9th FECS Conference on 'Chemistry and Environment', 29 August to 1 September 2004, Bordeaux, France.     

永定河上游主要河流地表水水质时空变化特征

2022年冬奥会水质安全保障是目前永定河上游水环境保护的重要工作。通过对2013—2017年永定河上游张家口地区河流水质的长期监测,研究永定河上游张家口地区主要河流地表水水质时空变化及其主要污染物年通量。结果表明：（1）2017年永定河上游张家口地区洋河上游水质清洁,中下游水质中度污染;清水河上游水质清洁,下游水质轻度污染;桑干河水质清洁。（2）不同河流水质年际变化差异明显。其中,洋河上游年际变化较小,中下游水质趋于恶化;清水河和桑干河水质波动较小;全流域五年综合污染指数为0.82,对应水质级别为轻污染。（3）洋河和清水河水质季节变化明显,而桑干河水质季节变化不明显。洋河夏季水质较差,清水河上游春季水质劣于夏秋季。总磷和氟化物是永定河上游主要污染物,洋河是污染物主要贡献源,其中总磷贡献率为74%,氟化物贡献率为61%;且总磷是水污染主要的限制因子,一旦污染,治理十分困难,因此应引起相关部门的高度重视。     

基于水化学和氢氧同位素的东宫河流域不同水体转化关系研究

为明晰秦皇岛东宫河流域水环境特征,以该流域大气降水、地下水及地表水为研究对象,通过对水化学和氢氧稳定同位素样品测试及特征分析,揭示其时空变化特征及大气降水、地下水和地表水的相互转化关系.结果表明:①东宫河流域地下水（第四系孔隙水、岩溶水、裂隙水）和地表水（河水、泉水）的水化学类型,枯水期较丰水期丰富.丰水期水化学类型主要以HCO₃-Ca型、HCO₃·SO₄-Ca型和HCO₃-Ca·Mg型为主;枯水期水化学类型以HCO₃-Ca型、HCO₃-Ca·Mg型、HCO₃·SO₄-Ca型、HCO₃·SO₄-Ca·Mg型为主.②研究区第四系孔隙水和泉水的离子含量变化受季节影响较大,枯水期离子含量变化较丰水期显著;岩溶水和裂隙水各离子含量变幅较小,基本趋于稳定.岩溶含水层和裂隙含水层中富含石膏,为SO₄2-的主要来源;Na+和Cl-主要来源于易溶解盐NaCl,Ca2+和Mg2+主要来源于方解石的风化溶解.③东宫河流域地下水、地表水及大气降水之间存在密切的水力联系,针对氢氧同位素的组成分析表明,大气降水为地下水和河水的主要来源;不同泉水补给来源存在差异性,泉水主要接受岩溶水补给,同时也受蒸发作用影响;第四系孔隙水接受大气降水和河水的双重补给;裂隙水主要接受山区降水径流补给.研究显示,东宫河流域不同水体中离子含量受降雨量、温度和地质背景等影响,不同水体间联系密切,相互补给排泄.      

咸阳地区某典型地热井的地热水地球化学特征分析

地球化学方法是了解地热系统特点、变化及起源的重要手段,合理开发利用地热资源的前提。基于咸阳地热田XY1地热井1999年与2017年两期水质资料、多年水温变化资料,参考其他学者在研究区取得的研究成果,综合分析了该热水井及区域地热流体地球化学因子的变化特征。根据地热水δD、δ¹⁸O、¹⁴C同位素分析,探讨了该地区地热水的起源及其同位素水文特征。结果表明：该热水井水温变化不大,水-岩平衡状态未改变,大部分离子组分浓度呈上升趋势,水质变差。水化学类型未改变,为Cl-Na型,其中多种水化学组分浓度达到一定标准,可作为医疗热矿水开发利用。研究区热储层以消耗静态储量为主,无现代降水补给。该井地下热水属于第四纪末次冰期北山山区海拔1200 m大气降水入渗成因,为混入古溶滤水的残存沉积水。建议生产过程中应采取地热水回灌措施,使地热资源开发具有可持续性。     

青藏高原尼洋河流域化学风化的季节变化特征和影响因素

流域风化是理解大陆岩石化学风化对全球气候变化的反馈机制的重要途径,目前的研究集中在大河流域,小流域特别是高寒地区流域化学风化的影响因素尚不确定。本文选择岩性相对单一、人为活动干扰少的青藏高原尼洋河流域为研究对象,开展一个水文年的采样分析,阐明高寒地区流域岩石化学风化的季节变化特征及其影响因素。研究结果显示：尼洋河河水离子主要来源于碳酸盐岩风化和硅酸盐岩风化,对河水中阳离子贡献量分别达到60%和29%,风化速率分别为0.20—19.00 t?km^?2?month^?1和0.09—0.80 t?km^?2?month^?1,年平均值分别为11.90 t?km^?2?a^?1和4.38 t?km^?2?a^?1。在一个水文年内,碳酸盐岩风化明显受到季节变化的影响,而硅酸盐岩风化对季节变化的响应不明显,总体表现为雨季风化速率增加,旱季风化速率降低。地表径流是控制尼洋河流域化学风化的重要因素,径流增大,促进碳酸盐岩和硅酸盐岩风化,但岩石的溶解动力特征会限制径流对风化速率的促进作用。碳酸盐岩溶解速率大,径流增大能持续有效促进碳酸盐岩风化;而硅酸盐岩溶解速率小,随着径流量增大,风化速率增速降低。温度升高能有效促进尼洋河流域的岩石风化,提高岩石矿物的溶解速率。温度也能通过影响径流变化,间接影响流域的风化。位于高寒地区的尼洋河流域气候因素之间相互影响,也影响着物理风化和化学风化。为此,在高寒地区流域展开监测周期更长、采样密度更高的工作,将有助于更好地理解气候因素对风化作用的影响规律。     

湿润亚热带典型白云岩流域的水文水化学动态特征初步研究——以贵州施秉黄洲河流域为例

利用水文水化学自动监测仪,于2018年5月18日至2018年12月3日期间对地处湿润亚热带季风气候条件下的贵州省施秉世界自然遗产地境内的黄洲河白云岩小流域进行了高时间分辨率的连续监测,目的是为了揭示湿润亚热带季风气候区典型白云岩小流域不同时间尺度与不同降雨强度下水文水化学动态特征。研究获得了黄洲河白云岩小流域的降雨量、出口流量、水温、电导率、pH、方解石及白云石饱和指数、CO_2分压等连续数据。结果表明:(1)黄洲河流域出口河水的pH、电导率、CO_2分压、方解石及白云石饱和指数等指标具有明显的日周期变化规律,即水温、pH、方解石及白云石饱和指数与气温的昼夜周期变化曲线相似,而电导率、CO_2分压与气温的日周期变化曲线相反;(2)黄洲河流域出口河水的水化学指标对不同强度的降雨会产生不同变幅与变化方向的响应特征,暴雨会显著干扰河水水化学指标的日周期变化规律,主要表现在随着降雨强度的增大,电导率与CO_2分压呈现显著下降;(3)白云岩流域具有明显的化学稳态行为。     

Linked Hydrologic and Climate Variations in British Columbia and Yukon

Climatic and hydrologic variations between the decades 1976–1985 and 1986–1995 are examined at 34 climate stations and 275 hydrology stations. The variations in climate are distributedacross a broad spatial area. Temperatures were generally warmerin the most recent decade, with many stations showing significantincreases during the spring and fall. No significant decreases intemperature were found. Significant increases in temperature weremore frequent in the south than in the northern portions of theregion. Significant changes in precipitation were also more prevalent in the south. In coastal areas, there were significantdecreases in precipitation during the dry season, and significantincreases during the wet season. In the BC interior, significantprecipitation decreases occurred during the fall, with significant increases during the winter and spring. In the norththere were few changes in precipitation. The hydrologic responsesto these variations in climate follow six distinctive patterns.The spatial distribution of these patterns suggests that indifferent ecozones, small variations in climate, particularlytemperature, elicit different hydrologic responses.     

MODELING NITROGEN TRANSPORT IN THE IPSWICH RIVER BASIN,MASSACHUSETTS, USING A HYDROLOGICAL SIMULATION PROGRAM IN FORTRAN (HSPF)1

ABSTRACT: Increased riverine nitrogen (N) fluxes have been strongly correlated with land use changes and are now one of the largest pollution problems in the coastal region of the United States. In the present study, the Hydrological Simulation Program‐FORTRAN (HSPF) is used to simulate transport of N in the Ipswich River basin in Massachusetts and to evaluate the effect of future land use scenarios on the water quality of the river. Model results show that under a land use change scenario constructed with restrictions from environmental protection laws, where 44 percent of the forest in the basin was converted to urban land, stream nitrate concentrations increased by about 30 percent of the present values. When an extreme land use scenario was used, and 100 percent of the forest was converted to urban land, concentrations doubled in comparison to present values. Model simulations also showed that present stream nitrate concentrations might be four times greater than they were prior to urbanization. While pervious lands with high density residential land use generated runoff with the highest N concentrations in HSPF simulations, the results suggested that denitrification in the riparian zone and wetlands coupled with the hydrology of the basin are likely to control the magnitude of nitrate loads to the aquatic system. The simulation results showed that HSPF can predict the general patterns of inorganic N concentrations in the Ipswich River and tributaries. Nevertheless, HSPF has some difficulty simulating the extreme variability of the observed data throughout the main stem and tributaries, probably because of limitations in the representation of wetlands and riparian zones in the model, where N processes such as denitrification seem to play a major role in controlling the transport of N from the terrestrial system to the river reaches.     

1979-2014年中国地面风速的长期变化趋势

基于中国国家级地面气象站均一化风速月值数据集,采用线性回归等方法分析了1979-2014年中国2268个台站地面风速演变的时空特征。结果表明：中国地面风速总体呈显著下降趋势,年平均风速变化速率为-0.142 m/s/10 a;四个季节中春季平均风速下降趋势（-0.18 m/s/10 a）明显大于其他三个季节,其次依次为冬季（-0.135 m/s/10 a）、夏季（-0.13 m/s/10 a）及秋季（-0.129 m/s/10 a）;研究选取的台站中约82%的台站风速呈现下降趋势;划分的七个区域中,高原区和东北区风速下降趋势最明显,华北区下降趋势最小,但都通过了0.05显著性检验;中国地面风速在1980s下降趋势最显著（-0.235 m/s/10 a）,1990s下降趋势减缓（-0.112 m/s/10 a）,2000-2014年下降趋势最小,为-0.099 m/s/10 a;研究期间地面风速与地面气温呈显著负相关,表明近期中国气温变暖可能导致风速减弱。