基于PMF模型的北京市PM2.5来源的时空分布特征

2012年8月至2013年7月,对北京市定陵、车公庄、东四、石景山、通州、房山、亦庄和榆垡等8个站点的大气细颗粒物PM2.5进行了12个月次的同步采样观测,并测定了其中元素碳、有机碳、水溶性离子和无机元素的浓度水平.利用PMF模型对PM2.5的来源进行解析.结果表明,北京市PM2.5的主要来源为二次源、燃煤、地面扬尘、机动车排放、工业源和建筑尘等,年均贡献率分别为42%、19%、19%、10%、6%和4%.PM2.5的来源具有显著的季节变化,春季大风天气频繁、地面扬尘源为主要来源,而夏、秋、冬季均以二次源为主,尤其是夏季二次源贡献达56%,冬季燃煤源对PM2.5的贡献显著提升为25%.污染源贡献也存在一定空间差异,冬春季燃煤源对郊区点的贡献显著高于城区点,而二次污染源具有区域性污染特征.在区域性积累型重污染日,二次源对PM2.5的贡献均占主要地位,对气态前体物NOx、SO2和VOCs等的控制对PM2.5的减少至关重要.     

龙凤山站大气CO2浓度2种筛分方法对比研究

针对黑龙江龙凤山区域本底站2009年1月~2011年12月大气CO2在线观测数据,研究基于地面风、日变化等大气本底/非本底数据筛分方法(SWDV)和稳健局部近似回归大气本底/非本底数据筛分方法(REBS)在龙凤山区域本底站的适用性.研究表明:2种筛分方法在春、秋和冬季都能很好反映龙凤山大气CO2浓度的趋势变化及局地源汇对观测CO2浓度的影响,对于高浓度的非本底数据都能够较好的识别,但在夏季使用REBS方法会影响筛分的准确性,不建议在龙凤山区域本底站使用REBS筛分方法.SWDV和REBS法筛分出的本底数据分别占总数据量的30.7%和 58.9%.2种方法均筛分为本底浓度和非本底浓度的数据分别占总数据量的21.5%和32.0%.二者筛分的本底季平均浓度在春季相差最小为(0.1±0.3)×10-6(摩尔比,下同),冬季和秋季次之,在夏季相差最大为(4.2±1.0)×10-6.典型个例分析表明,SWDV法会将白天一些受西南污染气流影响的CO2浓度误筛分为本底浓度,REBS法会将个别在静稳天气条件下受局地影响大的CO2观测值误筛分为本底浓度.夏季局地污染状况可能被植被强烈的光合作用抵消,CO2浓度变化不大,使得REBS误筛分为本底浓度,以及对于一些较低的CO2浓度值,REBS误筛分为非本底浓度,这些因素导致2种筛分方法在夏季本底浓度差别较大.     

A 14-year measurement of toxic elements in atmospheric particulates in Hong Kong from 1995 to 2008

Toxic elements in the atmosphere can enter and accumulate in the human body, seriously impacting human health. In this study, we analyzed a 14-year （1995-2008） measurement of three toxic elements （As, Cd and Cr） in PMlo in Hong Kong, China. The pollution of these toxic elements in Hong Kong was not serious. The trend analysis showed that As and Cr in PM10 increased at a statistically significant level （p〈0.05） during the 14-year period, while the Cd in PM10 did not change significantly. Typical seasonal variations were observed for all three toxic elements, largely in relation to the Asian monsoon. Hourly 10-day backward trajectories were computed and cate- gorised into four groups. The continental air masses showed much higher concentrations of the three toxic elements than the marine air masses. The abundances of As and Cd in the PM10 were much higher in the continental air masses than those in the marine air masses, while the abundances of Cr showed an opposite pattern. The trends of the three toxic elements in East China＇s air mass were consistent with those in the overall data set ofHong Kong. Examination of the toxic element data recorded at urban sites and a roadside site also indicated a large contribution of external air masses to particulate As and Cd in Hong Kong. These results suggest that the long-range transport from the mainland of China is the dominant contributor to particulate As and Cd, while both local and long-distance sources determine the particulate Cr in Hong Kong.     

Temporal and geographical variations of mercury and selenium in eggs of Larus michahellis and Larus audouinii from central Mediterranean islands

In this study, we determined mercury and selenium levels in abandoned unhatched eggs of the yellow-legged gull (Larus michahellis) and Audouin’s gull (Larus audouinii) collected during 2004–2005 from the Tuscan archipelago and Sardinia (Italy). The different feeding habits of the two species probably determine the different uptakes of trace elements, as the study shows highly significant differences for selenium and mercury levels as well as shell thickness and Hg:Se molar ratio values. Audouin’s gulls nesting on the coasts of the Tuscan archipelago showed significantly higher selenium levels than did gulls from colonies from the islands around Sardinia. Comparisons with a similar investigation previously conducted in the same area suggested that mercury and selenium concentrations, although in line with reports in the literature, were significantly lower than levels encountered in gulls in the early 1980s. Mercury (mg/kg d.w.) dropped from 8.631 to 5.030 in Audouin’s gulls and from 2.509 to 0.828 in yellow-legged gulls. The regional decline in mercury levels following reduced use of the metal in industry and the probable food depletion effects linked to the overfishing of fish prey of these two gull species are discussed as hypotheses that could explain the decrease in mercury levels found in eggs.     

白洋淀芦苇型水陆交错带水化学动态及其净化功能研究

于2007年3月-11月对富营养化湖泊一白洋淀进行了现场调查,分析了温度、溶解氧（DO）、叶绿素、总磷（TP）及其他水化学指标的动态变化规律,并讨论了它们之间的相互关系。结果表明：白洋淀芦苇（Phragmites australis var．baiyangdiansis）型水陆交错带对营养物质具有强烈的截留作用,可以达到净化白洋淀水体的效果。从水质指标的空间分布看,污染较重的府河河口区域其水体TP、化学需氧量（CODc,）含量明显高于污染较轻的湖泊中心区域,空间梯度上呈逐步递减趋势。根据水体盐度、总溶解性固体、TP及DO含量进行聚类分析,可以将采样点分为3类：Ⅰ区、污染较重河口区域;Ⅱ区、中间过渡缓冲区域;Ⅲ区、污染较轻中心区域。Ⅰ区其水体DO含量明显低于Ⅲ区,而水体盐度则明显高于Ⅲ区。通过调查发现：在8月份,白洋淀水体DO含量突然增加;相关分析表明：叶绿素含量与DO（P=0．046）及温度（P〈0．01）之间呈显著正相关关系。结合叶绿素等指标的动态变化规律,8月份左右可能是白洋淀藻类爆发的危险时期。     

黄河下游河道萎缩成因分析

基于原型定位观测资料分析，结合河工动床模型试验和数学模型计算，研究了黄河下游河道的萎缩成因，并提出了河道萎缩的含义，以及表征河道萎缩的因素及其判别因子。研究表明，河道萎缩的根本原因是水沙过程变异与河道边界因素共同作用的结果；主河槽过水断面面积变化量、同流量水位变化量、河底平均高程抬升速率和横断面形态等可作为河道萎缩的表征因子。     

Seasonal variability of ambient NH3, NO, NO2 and SO2 over Delhi

We present the diurnal and seasonal variability of ambient NH3, NO, NO2 and SO2 over Delhi, India. Ambient NH3, NO and NO2 were measured continuously during winter, summer and autumn seasons using NH3- and NOx-analyzer, which operates by chemiluminescence method with a higher estimation e ciency (> 90%) than the chemical trap method (reproducibility 4.7%). Prominent diurnal, day-to-day and seasonal variations of ambient mixing ratio of NH3, NO, NO2 and SO2 were observed during the study period. Seasonal variation with higher mixing ratio in winter was observed for all measured trace gases except NO. Day-night variation of all measured trace gases observed was higher in winter in comparison with summer. Late morning increase in NO2 mixing ratio might be attributed to conversion of NO to NO2 with the interaction of O3.     

近年来渤海湾赤潮监控区营养盐变化及其结构特征分析

根据2004~2006年进行的连续监测结果,分析、探讨了渤海湾赤潮监控区表层海水营养盐的污染现状、变化规律及其结构特征。结果表明:近年来,渤海湾赤潮监控区海域受到了DIP、DIN污染,水体处于严重的富营养化状态,且DIN的污染程度明显高于DIP;除个别项目外,渤海湾赤潮监控区以S4站营养盐含量最高,原因是S4站靠近河口,大量生活污水排放所致;在赤潮多发期,表层海水N、P、Si含量存在明显的月变化特征。6月份营养盐含量最低,8月份最高。年际变化表明:NH4-N的年际变化最为明显,表现为逐年递减的趋势,而SiO3-Si的年际变化最小。赤潮监控区DIN一直处于热力学平衡状态,NO3-N占DIN含量的57%~78%。近年来DIN/PO4-P和SiO3-Si/PO4-P逐年增加,而SiO3-Si/DIN则逐年降低。     

不同土地利用分布格局下的岩溶泉水化学变化研究

利用多参数自动记录仪CTDP300对具有不同土地利用分布格局的贵州普定陈旗和灯盏河两个岩溶泉域的降雨量、泉水位、水温、pH值和电导率进行了一个完整水文年的连续监测,并依据化学平衡热力学原理进行计算,得到连续的水的CO2分压(PCO2)和方解石饱和指数(SIc)。结果表明这两个泉的这些水化学指标均呈现出明显的季节变化和暴雨动态变化。然而,两泉水的这些变化具有明显的差异:对于土壤分布较多和水田分布在排泄区的陈旗泉而言,HCO3-和PCO2较高,而pH和SIc值明显低于土壤分布较少且水田分布于补给区的灯盏河泉,且变幅较小。此外在暴雨后,陈旗泉pH升高、PCO2降低,而灯盏河泉pH降低、PCO2升高。这些反映了不同土地利用分布格局对岩溶水化学调节作用的差异。灯盏河泉Ca2+、SO2-4、Mg2+和EC较高主要是其流域中石膏和白云岩含量较多的缘故。这些发现说明,pH、电导率、HCO3-、Ca2+、SO42-、Mg2+、PCO2和SIc等岩溶水化学参数可以作为不同土地利用分布格局和环境变化的重要指标。     

北京市南口地区浅层地下水水化学时空变化特征分析

根据对北京市南口地区浅层地下水水质监测结果,综合运用数学统计方法、Piper三线图示法,对该区浅层地下水水化学特征时空变化进行研究.结果表明,研究区浅层地下水化学类型相对比较简单,以HCO3-Ca·Mg型水为主;地下水季节变化对水化学类型空间变异性影响不大;浅层地下水中主要离子成分变化趋势基本相同,在枯水期和丰水期离子...