地震下悬浮隧道所受动水压力研究-SV波

一种新型的跨越海峡、湖泊的交通结构物——悬浮隧道日益受到世人的关注。本文基于位移势函数理论,将海底岩土看作半无限弹性体,海水看作理想流体,锚索看作刚性约束,推导了平面SV波从海底岩土斜入射到与海水的交界面时,受到刚度较大的锚索作用的刚性悬浮隧道所受到的动水压力的理论公式;分析了不同海底岩土参数与平面SV波的不同频率和方向对悬浮隧道所受的动水压力的影响。结果表明,除海底岩土密度外,海底岩土剪切模量、泊松比以及入射SV波的频率和方向对悬浮隧道所受的动水压力均有较大影响。     

苏州河底泥对上复水水质污染影响

研究了上海市苏州河底泥中有机物及营养盐释放对上复水水质的影响,分析了微生物与底栖生物底泥再悬浮对底泥释放过程的影响。研究表明,底泥中化学需氧量与水体中的化学需氧量成正比,底泥中生化需氧量与水体中的生化需氧量呈正比,再悬浮促进底泥中污染物向上复水体释放。底泥SOD与水体中DO成正比,底泥污染是影响苏州河水质的重要因素;对苏州河底泥进行疏浚工程可较好地提高水体中溶解氧的浓度、降低化学需氧量、生化需氧量及氨氮的浓度。     

水动力条件对藻类影响的研究进展

水动力过程是影响水体富营养化状态和水华爆发的重要因素,水动力因素对藻类影响的研究对于富营养化水体藻类控制具有重要意义。归纳分析近年来关于流速、流态对藻类生长和种类变化的研究报道;就水动力条件对藻类的影响及其作用机理等详细地进行了文献综述。水动力条件对藻类生长的影响分为流速和流态两个方面,不论是单一藻种还是混合藻类,低流速、小扰动有利于藻类的生长和聚集,流速增大则导致Chla浓度先递增后递减,不同藻类的临界流速并不相同;藻类生长随着湍流程度的增加而逐渐受到抑制,抑制作用与水流流态（层流、过渡流、湍流）无明显相关关系,水体流态的变化造成水流剪应力的变化,藻类种类的差异导致其对水流剪应力的响应变化。水动力条件变化引起的藻类种群结构变化,主要表现为水体混合加剧导致优势种群的转换。水动力条件对藻类影响的作用原理主要是引起了光强的改变、细胞长度的变化、营养盐运送及捕食行为变化等。综观当前的研究成果,水动力能否真正阻止藻类细胞的生长或聚集,影响藻类生长或种类变化的扰动的最低水平以及水动力对藻类影响的作用机理是这一领域未来研究的重点所在。     

综合调水对苏州河周边水系水质影响的数值模拟

进行长期有效的水资源综合调度是实现2010年苏州河河水变清的综合整治目标的一项重要措施。为进一步论证该项措施对周边水系的水质影响,为综合调水提供科学的决策依据,利用MIKE11模型系统建立了上海市苏州河水系的水动力、水质模型,进行苏州河综合调水对黄浦江以及蕴藻浜水质的影响作用的数值模拟。分析表明,苏州河综合调水对松浦大桥取水口水质基本没有影响,并可以在一定程度上改善黄浦江干流中下游河段的水质;东引北排初期会增加蕴藻浜干流的污染负荷,持续调水6d后蕴藻浜干流河段的水质将得到改善。     

动水压力和PSI对深水高墩桥梁抗震性能的影响∗

以我国西部地区某库区一深水高墩大跨连续刚构桥梁为工程背景,考虑动水压力、桩-土相互作用以及二者联合作用的影响,确定了六类不同的分析工况,利用OpenSEES源代码分析平台分别建立有限元模型,通过输入两组空间地震波进行非线性时程分析,讨论了动水压力和桩-土相互作用对深水高墩大跨桥梁动力特性和抗震性能的影响。研究结果表明,考虑动水压力和桩-土相互作用会降低高墩大跨桥梁的振动频率,且二者的影响主要体现在下部结构振型参与率较高的高阶模态;动水压力效应会增加高墩在地震作用下的动力响应,但桩-土相互作用对非线性分析结果的影响没有明显的规律;同时考虑动水压力和桩-土相互作用时,深水高墩桥梁的地震响应并不是简单的相互促进或相互抵消,而与地震动的大小、频谱特性等相关;强地震作用下桥梁结构的桩顶水平位移较大时,抗震设计中更适合采用"p—y曲线"法模拟桩-土相互作用效应。     

Automation of a Hydrodynamic Model of the Delaware Estuary for Rapid Water Quality Simulations of Pollutant Releases

To facilitate the rapid simulation of accidental pollution releases, the Delaware River Basin Commission has developed applications which completely automate data retrieval and processing for the development of a hydrodynamic model input file, as well as running the model. Overnight, every night, the applications retrieve from the internet multiple datasets for constructing freshwater inflow and tidal boundary time series. The hydrodynamic model is run automatically, using the recently written model input file. When no release has occurred, the hydrodynamic output file is not used and is simply overwritten on the following evening, from the updated hydrodynamic model run. Automating the hydrodynamic model portion of the simulation dramatically reduces the time required to simulate the transport of an accidental release to the Delaware Estuary.     

Management of marine cage aquaculture

Goal, Scope and Background Marine cage aquaculture produces a large amount of waste that is released directly into the environment. To effectively manage the mariculture environment, it is important to determine the carrying capacity of an aquaculture area. In many Asian countries trash fish is dominantly used in marine cage aquaculture, which contains more water than pellet feed. The traditional nutrient loading analysis is for pellet feed not for trash fish feed. So, a more critical analysis is necessary in trash fish feed culturing areas. Methods Corresponding to FCR (feed conversion rate), dry feed conversion rate (DFCR) was used to analyze the nutrient loadings from marine cage aquaculture where trash fish is used. Based on the hydrodynamic model and the mass transport model in Xiangshan Harbor, the relationship between the water quality and the waste discharged from cage aquaculture has been determined. The environmental carrying capacity of the aquaculture sea area was calculated by applying the models noted above. Results Nitrogen and phosphorus are the water quality parameters considered in this study. The simulated results show that the maximum nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations were 0.216 mg/L and 0.039 mg/L, respectively. In most of the sea area, the nutrient concentrations were higher than the water quality standard. The calculated environmental carrying capacity of nitrogen and phosphorus in Xiangshan Harbor were 1,107.37 t/yr and 134.35 t/yr, respectively. The waste generated from cage culturing in 2000 has already exceeded the environmental carrying capacity. Discussion Unconsumed feed has been identified as the most important origin of all pollutants in cage culturing systems. It suggests the importance of increasing the feed utilization and improving the feed composition on the basis of nutrient requirement. For the sustainable development of the aquaculture industry, it is an effective management measure to keep the stocking density and pollution loadings below the environmental carrying capacity. Conclusions The DFCR-based nutrient loadings analysis indicates, in trash fish feed culturing areas, that it is more critical and has been proved to be a valuable loading calculation method. The modeling approach for Xiangshan Harbor presented in this paper is a cost-effective method for assessing the environmental impact and determining the capacity. Carrying capacity information can give scientific suggestions for the sustainable management of aquaculture environments. Recommendations and Perspectives It has been proved that numerical models were convenient tools to predict the environmental carrying capacity. The development of models coupled with dynamic and aquaculture ecology is a requirement of further research. Such models can also be useful in monitoring the ecological impacts caused by mariculture activities. ESS-Submission Editor: Hailong Wang (hailong.wang@ensisjv.com)     

紫色土坡面跌坑贯穿发生细沟的水动力过程

跌坑是坡面土壤特性和薄层水流动力的耦合作用形成,而跌坑对坡面漫流的集中导致了水流流速、流深和切应力的变化,进一步塑造了侵蚀坡面形态导致跌坑贯穿发生细沟;目前关于跌坑与水动力耦合作用的研究相对较少。采用人工模拟降雨试验方法,分析了跌坑对径流特征的影响,定义了径流集中度〖WTBX〗Kc〖WTBZ〗,回归调查了径流集中后切应力与跌坑贯穿下切速率的关系。结果表明：紫色土曼宁糙度系数随雨强增大而减小,漫流区坡面曼宁糙度系数变化介于0014～0026,沟道曼宁糙度系数变化介于0008～0015;薄层水流流速和流深顺坡增大,在跌坑处集中后流速剧增,雨强越大流速越大、流深越小;径流切应力顺坡增大,跌坑集中薄层水流而切应力剧增导致跌坑贯穿;试验紫色土可蚀性参数〖WTBX〗Ke〖WTBZ〗为0144 s/m,跌坑贯穿的临界切应力为248 Pa。     

Phenol degradation using combined effects of hydrodynamic cavitation and oxidant: Doehlert matrix

Hydrodynamic cavitation (HC)-based treatments have been proposed for the degradation of phenol as a toxic pollutant. The present work aimed to optimize the degradation of phenol using HC by means of Doehlert experimental design, which has not been previously addressed. Initially, operational parameters of hydraulic characteristics of the pump, inlet pressure, solution pH, and initial concentration were optimized; later, the effects of pH solution and H₂O₂ loading or initial pollutant concentration on phenol degradation were explored using the Doehlert experimental design. It was observed that phenol degradation is strongly dependent on the pH of the solution. Also, the acidic condition favors the formation of hydroxyl radicals and thus, the degradation of phenol. Based on the Doehlert matrix, the 94.1% phenol degradation and 68.60% total organic carbon (TOC) were obtained in 180 min at 304.5 mg/L of hydrogen peroxide at an initial concentration of 20 mg/L, 2.0 pH, and 90 psi inlet pressure, providing a cavitational yield of 6.33 × 10⁻⁶ mg/J and minimum treatment cost of US$/L 0.13. Overall, it has been observed that HC can be a promising route for the removal of pollutants (phenol) effectively using hydrogen peroxide as an additive.     

A TWO-DIMENSIONAL PARTICLE TRACKING ESTUARINE TRANSPORT MODEL1

ABSTRACT: A two-dimensional particle tracking model is developed for estuarine water quality investigation. The method requires only the solution of a two-dimensional hydrodynamics model and, therefore, is more economical to use than conventional multi-dimensional estuarine transport models. The present model does not consider turbulent diffusion, and it handles only conservative constituents. The model was applied to Humboldt Bay, California, where the flushing of sewage effluent was simulated. The model was applied to evaluate the present release plan, and to determine alternative release plans for limiting the transport of sewage effluent into shellfish producing areas Within the Bay.