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971.
北京夏季大气主要含氮无机化合物的变化规律与相互作用 总被引:3,自引:2,他引:3
利用SJAC-MOBIC/FIA在2006年8月16日—9月9日在线测量了北京城市大气细颗粒物中主要水溶性含氮离子组分(NO3-和 NH4+),与重要含氮气态污染物(HNO3、HNO2和 NH3),以追踪细颗粒物中含氮二次无机组分和含氮气态污染物的变化规律及其相互作用。观测期间,NO3- 和 NH4+的平均浓度分别为13.08和11.93 μg/m3,它们与SO42-浓度之和在细颗粒物(PM2.5)中的平均比例为55%,明显高于其他季节;污染过程中,积聚模态颗粒物体积浓度及其与爱根核模态颗粒物体积浓度比值逐渐增加,说明二次转化是北京夏季细颗粒物的重要来源。白天HONO迅速光解产生OH自由基,而OH自由基是生成HNO3的重要物种,因此HONO和HNO3具有相反的日变化规律。在温度较高的白天,大气环境不利于NH4NO3的生成与存在;夜间低温高湿的条件下硝酸铵理论平衡系数Ke与气态氨和硝酸的乘积Km相当或低于后者,较有利于NH4NO3的生成。北京夏季大气具有足量气态NH3以中和硫酸盐;但在NO3-与阳离子的电荷平衡中,金属阳离子也非常重要。 相似文献
972.
深入认识湘东北地区的水文循环过程,对规范该区水资源的有效利用和减缓该区生态环境问题具有重要意义。在2021年10月—2023年2月,对该区金井镇的大气降水和不同深度(~4.7 m和~61 m)井水每月开展样品采集和测试。该区大气降水稳定同位素值(δ18O、δD)呈现夏半年偏负、冬半年偏正,且氘盈余、水汽通量和HYSPLIT模型分析结果显示,在夏季,影响该区降水气团主要来自暖湿的海洋洋面,冬季主要来自稳定的南支西风和局地水汽输送。浅井水和深井水的δ18O和δD与该区大气降水δ18O和δD的均值接近,变幅较小且呈现夏季偏正冬季偏负的特征,说明地下水受到大气降水的补给,但可能滞后于大气降水的变化。然而,不同深度地下水对大气降水的响应机制和滞后时间,还需进一步研究。 相似文献
973.
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975.
Trihalomethanes (THMs) the by-products of chlorination in water treatment are recognised as a threat to public health due
to their carcinogenicity. The photodegradation of THMs using hydrogen peroxide has been found to give increased removal efficiency
and the outcome of the study may find, its application in designing a unit process for water treatment. Batch experiments
were carried out using UV lamp of 83 W and 40% w/w Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in test waters between 2.5–10 pH range of chloroform, bromodichloromethane, dibromochloromethane and bromoform at 50–200
μg L−1 initial concentration. 92–100% removal of chloroform, bromodichloromethane, dibromochloromethane and bromoform were found
with 0.1% of H2O2 and 90 min of UV exposure. 相似文献
976.
Hemraj Bhattarai Lekhendra Tripathee Shichang Kang Pengfei Chen Chhatra Mani Sharm Kirpa Ram Junming Guo Maheswar Rupakheti 《环境科学学报(英文版)》2022,34(5):10-24
This study reports for the first time a comprehensive analysis of nitrogenous and carbonaceous aerosols in simultaneously collected PM2.5 and TSP during pre-monsoon (March–May 2018) from a highly polluted urban Kathmandu Valley (KV) of the Himalayan foothills. The mean mass concentration of PM2.5 (129.8 µg/m3) was only ~25% of TSP mass (558.7 µg/ m3) indicating the dominance of coarser mode aerosols. However, the mean concentration as well as fractional contributions of water-soluble total nitrogen (WSTN) and carbonaceous species reveal their predominance in find-mode aerosols. The mean mass concentration of WSTN was 17.43±4.70 µg/m3 (14%) in PM2.5 and 24.64±8.07 µg/m3 (5%) in TSP. Moreover, the fractional contribution of total carbonaceous aerosols (TCA) is much higher in PM2.5 (~34%) than that in TSP (~20%). The relatively low OC/EC ratio in PM2.5 (3.03 ± 1.47) and TSP (4.64 ± 1.73) suggests fossil fuel combustion as the major sources of carbonaceous aerosols with contributions from secondary organic aerosols. Five-day air mass back trajectories simulated with the HYSPLIT model, together with MODIS fire counts indicate the influence of local emissions as well as transported pollutants from the Indo-Gangetic Plain region to the south of the Himalayan foothills. Principal component analysis (PCA) also suggests a mixed contribution from other local anthropogenic, biomass burning, and crustal sources. Our results highlight that it is necessary to control local emissions as well as regional transport while designing mitigation measures to reduce the KV's air pollution. 相似文献
977.
采用NaBH4超声还原法合成了富含氧空位的MoO2,并通过多种表征方法证明了氧空位的存在.10-MoO2作为助催化剂显著增强了Fe2+/过一硫酸盐体系催化性能,构建的10-MoO2/Fe2+/PMS体系可快速降解四环素(TC),10 min内对TC的降解率接近100%.系统研究了各种影响因素对TC降解效果的影响,探讨了助催化剂的稳定性及该体系的实用性.电化学、铁离子循环及自由基捕获实验的结果表明,由于氧空位(Ovacancy)的存在,降低了MoO2的电阻,增强了电子转移能力,加速了Fe3+/Fe2+循环,提高了活性氧物种的产率,从而增强了Fe2+/PMS类芬顿体系的催化活性.本研究为类芬顿法处理抗生素废水提供了一种新的视角. 相似文献
978.
为探索受限空间中瓦斯爆炸及氢气对爆炸过程的影响,采用GRI-Mech 3.0甲烷燃烧机理,建立受限空间中瓦斯爆炸的数学模型,应用CHEMKIN软件,对受限空间内瓦斯爆炸过程及氢气对反应物浓度、活化中心浓度、主要致灾性气体浓度的影响进行模拟分析。通过对反应机理的敏感性分析,找出影响瓦斯爆炸及爆炸后主要致灾性气体生成的关键反应步。结果表明:混合气中分别充入0.5%,2%,3.5%氢气时,爆炸时间分别提前0.005 7,0.010 5,0.011 1 s;爆炸后压力分别提高2.53,4.05,7.60 kPa;爆炸后温度分别提高20,60,100 K。由此可见,随着混合气中氢气含量的增加,瓦斯引爆时间越来越短,其爆炸强度也随之增大,且氢气在一定程度上对有害气体CO,CO2,NO,NO2的生成有很大影响。 相似文献
979.
G. Cappai G. De Gioannis M. Friargiu E. Massi A. Muntoni A. Polettini R. Pomi D. Spiga 《Waste management (New York, N.Y.)》2014,34(8):1510-1519
Batch dark fermentation experiments were performed on food waste and mixtures of food waste and wastewater activated sludge to evaluate the influence of pH on biological H2 production and compare the process performance with and without inoculum addition. The effect of a preliminary thermal shock treatment of the inoculum was also investigated as a means to harvest the hydrogenogenic biomass. The best performance in terms of both H2 generation potential and process kinetics was observed at pH = 6.5 under all experimental conditions (no inoculum, and untreated or thermally treated inoculum added). H2 production from food waste was found to be feasible even without inoculum addition, although thermal pre-treatment of the inoculum notably increased the maximum production and reduced the lag phase duration. The analysis of the fermentation products indicated that the biological hydrogen production could be mainly ascribed to a mixed acetate/butyrate-type fermentation. However, the presence of additional metabolites in the digestate, including propionate and ethanol, also indicated that other metabolic pathways were active during the process, reducing substrate conversion into hydrogen. The plateau in H2 generation was found to mirror the condition at which soluble carbohydrates were depleted. Beyond this condition, homoacetogenesis probably started to play a role in the degradation process. 相似文献
980.
Cláudia Virgínia Lacerda Elisabeth Ritter João Antônio da Costa Pires José Adilson de Castro 《Waste management (New York, N.Y.)》2014,34(11):2285-2291
Batch tests and diffusion tests were performed to analyze the efficiency of a protective barrier in a landfill consisting of compacted soil with 10% bentonite compared to the results obtained for only compacted soil and for compacted soil covered with a 1-mm-thick HDPE geomembrane; the soil and leachate were collected from the Rio das Ostras Landfill in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The diffusion tests were performed for periods of 3, 10 and 60 days. After the test period, the soil pore water was analyzed and the profiles for chloride, potassium and ammonium were determined along a 6-cm soil depth. The results of the batch tests performed to define sorption parameters were used to adjust the profiles obtained in the diffusion cell experiment by applying an ion transfer model between the interstitial solution and the soil particles. The MPHMTP model (Multi Phase Heat and Mass Transfer Program), which is based upon the solution of the transport equations of the ionic contaminants, was used to solve the inverse problem of simultaneously determining the effective diffusion coefficients. The results of the experimental tests and of the model simulation confirmed that the compacted soil with 10% bentonite was moderately efficient in the retention of chloride, potassium and ammonium ions compared to the configurations of compacted soil with a geomembrane and compacted soil alone, representing a solution that is technically feasible and requires potentially lower costs for implementation in landfills. 相似文献