埋地输氢管道泄漏爆炸事故后果模拟分析

为了输氢管道的安全建设与运营,基于计算流体力学FLACS软件,模拟了埋地输氢管道在半受限空间内的泄漏爆炸事故后果,探讨了泄漏孔径、泄漏时长、输氢压力和环境风速对爆炸事故后果的影响规律,并得出相应的危险区域。结果表明:泄漏孔径、输氢压力和最大爆炸超压均与危险区域呈正相关关系,泄漏时长对事故后果几乎无影响;随着输氢压力的增大,危险区域受建筑物和风速的影响更为明显,在建筑物附近形成了狭长的危险区域带;最大爆炸超压和危险区域随环境风速的增大均呈现出先增大后减小的趋势。     

桂南地下热水系统中氟的分布及迁移富集规律

选取广西桂南地区地下热水系统为研究对象,利用氢氧同位素及锶同位素研究手段,对研究区内地下热水中氟的空间分布规律及其控制因素进行研究。结果表明:研究区内地下热水中氟含量变化范围为0.01~17.93mg/L,其中43%地下水样品中氟含量超过饮用水氟骨症临界值1.5mg/L,高氟地下热水的主要水化学类型为Na-HCO3型,水体中氟含量与温度呈明显正相关性;地下热水氢氧同位素特征显示,研究区地下热水的主要来源为大气降水,同时受一定程度蒸发浓缩及水-岩作用影响,地下热水锶同位素特征显示,研究区地下热水水化学组成明显受长石、云母等铝硅酸盐风化及碳酸盐岩溶解影响;对地下热水水化学开展的因子分析结果显示,研究区地下热水系统中影响氟迁移释放的主要因素为萤石的溶解与沉淀过程。     

过氧化氢除藻及相关环境条件优化

采用室内培养的方式,通过正交试验研究了H_2O_2质量浓度、光照、pH值和温度4个因素复合作用对铜绿微囊藻去除的影响。结果表明,在所设置的各因素梯度范围内,对去除铜绿微囊藻影响最大的因素是H_2O_2质量浓度;光照和pH值对藻细胞数和叶绿素a的去除,以及H_2O_2残留量的影响各不相同;温度对藻细胞数的影响最小,对H_2O_2残留量的影响较小,对叶绿素a质量浓度的影响较大。除藻的最佳组合为A_1B_2C_3D_2,即光照为1 500 lx,H_2O_2质量浓度为50mg/L,pH值为8.5,温度为25℃。     

Endogenous formation of hydrogen cyanide during distillation for the determination of total cyanide

This paper describes how organic compounds and nitrogen compounds induce the formation of hydrogen cyanide during the distillation process. Hydrogen cyanide formation was confirmed by X‐ray diffraction. The formation scheme for hydrogen cyanide from organic compounds is proposed.     

Linking intra-seasonal variations in climate and tree-ring δC: A functional modelling approach

Stable carbon isotopic composition (δ¹³C) in tree rings is a widely recognized tool for climate reconstruction, and several works suggest that seasonal information can be extracted from intra-ring δ¹³C variations. In this study, we explored the link between climate and intra-seasonal oak ring δ¹³C using a process-based modelling approach. The ISOCASTANEA model was developed to compute the seasonal dynamics of tree-ring δ¹³C for deciduous species from half-hourly climatic data by accounting for photosynthetic discrimination and carbon translocation and allocation at the tree scale and in tree rings.The model was applied from March 2005 to December 2007 in a 150-year-old deciduous oak forest. Canopy photosynthesis and stomatal conductance were calibrated using H₂O and CO₂ fluxes measured by the eddy flux technique, and simulated δ¹³C values were compared to seasonal patterns of total organic matter δ¹³C measured in tree rings for 2006 and 2007 at the same site. With the inclusion of carbon translocation and with regard to ¹³C enrichment of starch compared to soluble sugars, the model can reasonably simulate the intra-seasonal and inter-annual variability of tree-ring δ¹³C using the same parameter values for 2006 and 2007. The amplitude of the seasonal carbon isotope pattern in tree rings was influenced by both photosynthetic and post-photosynthetic processes (starch enrichment and reserve use). The δ¹³C variations in the early part of the ring, i.e., mainly in the earlywood, were related mostly to carbohydrate metabolism, although diluted information about environmental conditions during the previous year could also be found. The last part of the ring, consisting mainly of latewood, was found to be a good recorder of current-year environmental conditions, in particular relative humidity, at a fine temporal resolution when the growth rate was high. The sensitivity of the δ¹³C in the early part of the ring to carbohydrate metabolism suggests that intra-ring δ¹³C could be used to explore the relationship between tree decline or mortality and carbohydrate deficiency.     

Diversity of chlorobiphenyl-metabolizing bacteria and their biphenyl dioxygenases in contaminated sediment

Bacteria and bacterial communities in sites contaminated with polychlorinated biphenyls have been extensively studied in the past decades. However, there are still major gaps in the knowledge of environmental processes, especially in the behavior of previously described bacteria in vitro, their real degradation abilities and the enzymes that are involved in the degradation processes.     

化工生产中硫化氢泄漏事故的预防和处置对策

通过发生在昆明市安宁齐天化肥有限公司的硫化氢中毒事故,提出硫化氢泄漏事故的预防措施及相应的处置方法,同时总结经验教训,提出整改措施,以避免类似事故的再次发生.     

Biogeochemistry of two types of permeable reactive barriers, organic carbon and iron-bearing organic carbon for mine drainage treatment: Column experiments

Permeable reactive barriers (PRBs) are an alternative technology to treat mine drainage containing sulfate and heavy metals. Two column experiments were conducted to assess the suitability of an organic carbon (OC) based reactive mixture and an Fe⁰-bearing organic carbon (FeOC) based reactive mixture, under controlled groundwater flow conditions. The organic carbon mixture contains about 30% (volume) organic carbon (composted leaf mulch) and 70% (volume) sand and gravel. The Fe⁰-bearing organic carbon mixture contains 10% (volume) zero-valent iron, 20% (volume) organic carbon, 10% (volume) limestone, and 60% (volume) sand and gravel. Simulated groundwater containing 380 ppm sulfate, 5 ppm As, and 0.5 ppm Sb was passed through the columns at flow rates of 64 (the OC column) and 62 (the FeOC column) ml d^− 1, which are equivalent to 0.79 (the OC column) and 0.78 (the FeOC column) pore volumes (PVs) per week or 0.046 m d^− 1 for both columns. The OC column showed an initial sulfate reduction rate of 0.4 µmol g (OC)^− 1 d^− 1 and exhausted its capacity to promote sulfate reduction after 30 PVs, or 9 months of flow. The FeOC column sustained a relatively constant sulfate reduction rate of 0.9 µmol g (OC)^− 1 d^− 1 for at least 65 PVs (17 months). In the FeOC column, the δ³⁴S values increase with the decreasing sulfate concentration. The δ³⁴S fractionation follows a Rayleigh fractionation model with an enrichment factor of 21.6‰. The performance decline of the OC column was caused by the depletion of substrate or electron donor. The cathodic production of H₂ by anaerobic corrosion of Fe probably sustained a higher level of SRB activity in the FeOC column. These results suggest that zero-valent iron can be used to provide an electron donor in sulfate reducing PRBs. A sharp increase in the δ¹³C value of the dissolved inorganic carbon and a decrease in the concentration of HCO₃⁻ indicate that hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis is occurring in the first 15 cm of the FeOC column.     

Isotopes in teeth and a cryptic population of coastal freshwater seals

Human activities threaten the biodiversity of aquatic mammals across the globe. Conservation of these species hinges on the ability to delineate movements and foraging behaviors of animals, but gaining such insights is hampered by difficulties in tracing individuals over their lives. We determined isotope ratios in teeth (⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹³C/¹²C, and ¹⁸O/¹⁶O) to examine lifelong movement and resource-use patterns of a unique freshwater population of a wide-ranging pinniped species (harbor seal [Phoca vitulina]) that resides in Iliamna Lake, Alaska (U.S.A.). This population's potentially unique migratory behavior and use of different trophic resources are unknown. The isotope ratios we measured in teeth showed that seals were born in the lake, remained lifelong residents, and relied principally on resources produced from in the lake, even when seasonally abundant and nutrient-dense spawning anadromous fish (i.e., sockeye salmon [Oncorhynchus nerka]) were available in the lake. Our results illustrate how serial isotope records in teeth, particularly ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios, can be used to quantify how coastal mammal populations exploit both freshwater and marine ecosystems. Understanding lifelong patterns of habitat and resource use is essential information when designing effective conservation plans for threatened coastal mammals. We present the Iliamna Lake harbor seals as a unique case study into how isotope records within teeth can help reveal the cryptic ecology of such a population residing in an intact ecosystem. The results also provide critical baseline information for the Kvichak River system, which is facing an uncertain future due to proposed large-scale industrial development and a rapidly changing climate.     

Bio-Hydrogen Synthesis from Wastewater by Anaerobic Fermentation Using Microflora

Biological hydrogen production was investigated using biomass in palm oil mill effluent (POME) and artificial wastewater containing 10g glucose under anaerobic fermentation in a batch process. Activated POME sludge and different types of composts were collected as sources of inocula for the study. The anaerobic microflora was found to yield significant amounts of hydrogen. The experimental results show that the gas composition contained hydrogen (66–68%) and carbon dioxide (32–34%). Through out the study, methane gas was not observed in the evolved gas. The hydrogen production was accompanied with the formation of acetate and butyrate. Furthermore, the cumulative hydrogen data were fitted to a simple model developed from Gompertz Equation, where the lag phase time, hydrogen production potential and hydrogen production rate at various conditions were quantitatively estimated.