北京市大气光化学氧化剂污染研究

根据在北京市开展的光化学氧化剂系列研究,讨论北京市主要光化学氧化剂O₃,H₂O₂和有机过氧化物的污染浓度水平及其污染特征,探讨光化学氧化剂的形成机制及其主要影响因素。结果表明,北京市存在严重的光化学氧化剂污染,中关村大气臭氧(0₃)最大浓度不仅逐年递增,而O₃最大值的出现时间也提前,说明大气光化学活性逐年增强。光化学烟雾的重要产物过氧化氢(H₂O₂)和甲基过氧化氢(MHP)的浓度水平较高,最大浓度分别为3.69和3.26ug/m3。日益严重的大气NO_x污染为光化学氧化剂的生成提供了充足的前体物,北京市的大气污染己逐渐转为机动车尾气污染型,控制北京市光化学氧化剂污染的有效途径是降低NO_x排放。      

O3/H2O2降解阿特拉津影响因素研究

采用O3/H2O2氧化去除水中内分泌干扰物阿特拉津,考察了反应条件及水质对去除的影响,并对反应机制进行了初步探讨。阿特拉津初始浓度2 mg/L,投量为7.5 mg/L的O3单独氧化去除率为27.2%;相同O3投量下,控制H2O2/O3摩尔比为0.75,5 min阿特拉津的去除率最高可达96.5%;pH 值为7.5～8.5,温度在25～40℃的范围内,都维持了较高的去除率,表明H2O2/O3体系对阿特拉津的去除效果良好,降解速度快,反应条件温和。0.5 mg/L的腐殖酸,对阿特拉津的去除影响不大,腐殖酸浓度为1、2和5 mg/L时,平均去除率分别为63.4%、50.7%和30.2%;碳酸氢钠的浓度为50和200 mg/L时,去除率分别为88.1%和73.8%,说明水质对阿特拉津的去除影响较大。叔丁醇的浓度为5和20 mg/L时,阿特拉津的去除率分别降低到44.7%和27.5%,去除率随自由基抑制剂叔丁醇增加而降低,说明H2O2/O3降解阿特拉津主要为该体系产生的羟基自由基的贡献。     

过氧化氢氧化-全自动石墨消解仪消解-阳极溶出伏安法测定海水中总铬

采用全自动石墨消解仪加热、在碱性条件下用过氧化氢氧化海水中的三价铬,优化了极谱法测定条件,方法检出限为0.20μg/L,加标回收率为82.8%~105%,相对标准偏差5%,且对有证标准样品测试的结果符合准确度要求。方法具有选择性好、灵敏度高、准确等特点,适用于海水中总铬的测定。     

仿酶催化剂制备及催化降解PAEs类污染物

采用超声辅助反向共沉淀法制得磁纳米Fe3O4颗粒,然后以磁纳米Fe3O4颗粒为种子采用种子乳液聚合法制得羟基功能化的磁纳米复合物微球,再以三聚氯氰为桥联剂键合氯化血红素制得仿酶催化剂。利用傅里叶变换红外光谱仪(FT-IR)、配置积分球的紫外-可见(UV-Vis)分光光度计、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、热重分析仪(TGA)和振动样品磁强计(VSM)对催化剂进行了表征。结果表明,催化剂粒径大小为10¹2 nm,粒度均一,分散性好,在300 K下具有一定顺磁性,饱和磁化强度为21.61 emu/g,磁性物质含量为52.50 wt%。催化剂在紫外光照和H2O2存在下对水中邻苯二甲酸二甲酯(DMP)有较高的氧化降解活性,且重复使用效果较好,因此对其反应机理进行了探讨。     

Phenol degradation using combined effects of hydrodynamic cavitation and oxidant: Doehlert matrix

Hydrodynamic cavitation (HC)-based treatments have been proposed for the degradation of phenol as a toxic pollutant. The present work aimed to optimize the degradation of phenol using HC by means of Doehlert experimental design, which has not been previously addressed. Initially, operational parameters of hydraulic characteristics of the pump, inlet pressure, solution pH, and initial concentration were optimized; later, the effects of pH solution and H₂O₂ loading or initial pollutant concentration on phenol degradation were explored using the Doehlert experimental design. It was observed that phenol degradation is strongly dependent on the pH of the solution. Also, the acidic condition favors the formation of hydroxyl radicals and thus, the degradation of phenol. Based on the Doehlert matrix, the 94.1% phenol degradation and 68.60% total organic carbon (TOC) were obtained in 180 min at 304.5 mg/L of hydrogen peroxide at an initial concentration of 20 mg/L, 2.0 pH, and 90 psi inlet pressure, providing a cavitational yield of 6.33 × 10⁻⁶ mg/J and minimum treatment cost of US$/L 0.13. Overall, it has been observed that HC can be a promising route for the removal of pollutants (phenol) effectively using hydrogen peroxide as an additive.     

Decolorization and kinetics of photo oxidizing cationic blue X-GRL by UV/H2O2 system

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硅藻土负载无定形磷酸氢锡吸附Pb(Ⅱ)、Cu(Ⅱ)和Zn(Ⅱ)研究

以天然硅藻土为载体,制备了硅藻土负载无定形磷酸氢锡复合材料。利用该材料去除废水中的Pb(Ⅱ)、Cu(Ⅱ)和Zn(Ⅱ),研究了p H值、吸附时间、初始质量浓度对吸附性能的影响,探讨了材料的等温吸附规律,同时考察了材料在模拟海水中的吸附效果及再生能力。结果表明,硅藻土负载无定形磷酸氢锡对Pb(Ⅱ)、Cu(Ⅱ)和Zn(Ⅱ)的吸附量随p H值和吸附时间增大而逐渐增大并趋于平衡。等温吸附数据用Freundlich方程拟合效果最好,25℃时的饱和吸附量分别为27.54 mg/g、19.94 mg/g和16.33 mg/g。复合材料对3种离子的吸附机理均以化学吸附为主,在吸附Pb(Ⅱ)的过程中孔内扩散为速控步骤。高盐度对材料吸附Pb(Ⅱ)、Cu(Ⅱ)和Zn(Ⅱ)有一定的不利影响,但幅度不大,可以用于去除养殖海水中的Pb(Ⅱ)、Cu(Ⅱ)和Zn(Ⅱ)。吸附了重金属离子的复合材料可以用稀HCl再生,具有重复利用的潜能。     

原油储罐硫化氢脱除实验及应用

采用循环气提法脱除原油储罐中的硫化氢以达到降低储罐内硫化氢浓度的目的。某联合站卸油台零位罐的实验结果表明:经过7h的实验,零位罐观察口硫化氢浓度可由484mg/m3降低至9mg/m3。文章主要介绍了循环气提法在轮三联合站卸油台零位罐的实验过程、除硫剂的筛选及在某联合站原油储罐的应用情况。实践证明该方法能够有效降低储罐内硫化氢浓度。     

Intensification of degradation of aqueous solutions of rhodamine B using sonochemical reactors at operating capacity of 7 L

In the present work, degradation of rhodamine B, a typical dye effluent commonly observed in chemical processing wastewaters has been investigated using a sonochemical reactor with capacity of 7 L. The reactor consists of an ultrasonic bath equipped with a single large transducer having longitudinal vibrations with operating frequency of 25 kHz and rated power output of 1 kW. The effect of operational conditions such as the rhodamine B initial concentration, operating pH and use of additives such as H(2)O(2), CCl(4) and TiO(2) has been investigated initially. A mathematical model has also been fitted to estimate the rate constant for rhodamine B removal under different operating conditions. Intensification studies have been carried by combining sonochemical oxidation with photocatalytic oxidation under optimized conditions. In all the investigated systems, complete removal of rhodamine B (10 ppm initial concentration) was obtained using a combination of sonochemical reactor and CCl(4). Sonocatalysis (in the presence of TiO(2)) of rhodamine B showed 92% degradation, while sonophotocatalysis gave degradation of 93%. TOC analysis at various optimum conditions was also performed to quantify the extent of mineralization and it was observed that the extent of mineralization is always lower than the extent of removal of parent compound.     

炼油污水处理场含油污泥处理

文章分析了含油污泥的产生及处理难点,转筒式离心机的工艺流程,使用中存在的问题,并提出对策。经过转筒式离心机的脱水分离,可以减少含油污泥70%～80%的体积,如果后续采取填埋方式处理,可以节约70%～80%的运输费用,同时延长填埋场使用年限3～5倍。