黔南州2002年土地利用变更情况分析

根据2002年土地调查结果，作者对黔南州本年度各类土地增减变更情况进行了统计分析，重点探讨了新地减少的原因以及耕地增加来源和建设用地变更情况。     

南充市空气中可吸入颗粒物污染水平分析

本文在连续1年又5个月同步采样的基础上，测得南充市市辖三城区5个采样监测点环境空气中PM10的浓度及其时空变化进行了分析。结果表明，PM10的日平均浓度范围为0．020～1．030mg／m^3，超标率达38．0％；周日均浓度在0.040～0．520mg／m^3之间，超标率达到了37．8％。空气污染最重为嘉陵城区，其次为高坪城区，再次为石油学院、炼油厂和市府二院。浓度季节变化特征表现为冬季最高，其次为秋季，再次为春季，最轻为夏季。     

ENHANCING FECAL COLIFORM TOTAL MAXIMUM DAILY LOAD MODELS THROUGH BACTERIAL SOURCE TRACKING1

ABSTRACT: Surface water impairment by fecal coliform bacteria is a water quality issue of national scope and importance. In Virginia, more than 400 stream and river segments are on the Commonwealth's 2002 303(d) list because of fecal coliform impairment. Total maximum daily loads (TMDLs) will be developed for most of these listed streams and rivers. Information regarding the major fecal coliform sources that impair surface water quality would enhance the development of effective watershed models and improve TMDLs. Bacterial source tracking (BST) is a recently developed technology for identifying the sources of fecal coliform bacteria and it may be helpful in generating improved TMDLs. Bacterial source tracking was performed, watershed models were developed, and TMDLs were prepared for three streams (Accotink Creek, Christians Creek, and Blacks Run) on Virginia's 303(d) list of impaired waters. Quality assurance of the BST work suggests that these data adequately describe the bacteria sources that are impairing these streams. Initial comparison of simulated bacterial sources with the observed BST data indicated that the fecal coliform sources were represented inaccurately in the initial model simulation. Revised model simulations (based on BST data) appeared to provide a better representation of the sources of fecal coliform bacteria in these three streams. The coupled approach of incorporating BST data into the fecal coliform transport model appears to reduce model uncertainty and should result in an improved TMDL.     

Long-term changes in microbial water quality indicators in a hydro-power plant reservoir: The role of natural factors and socio-economic changes

Long-term changes, from 1984 to 2010, in the indicators of microbial pollution (total viable count, coliforms, Escherichia coli, enterococci, and Clostridium perfringens) are analysed in the Riga Hydropower Plant Reservoir, an essential source of drinking water for Riga, the capital of Latvia. Counts in microbial indicators fluctuated seasonally and were related to physicochemical parameters (nitrogen compounds, turbidity, temperature, and pH). The changes in microbial pollution were brought about by two major socio-economic developments. Firstly, Latvia’s independence from the USSR in 1991 which facilitated a distinct reduction in most microorganism counts due to a sharp decline in industrial and agricultural production. This resulted in a significant drop in point and nonpoint pollution in the river basin. A further development was Latvia joining the European Union in 2004. The corresponding focus on water management, including wastewater treatment, was a major priority of environmental investment and lead to improvements in microbial water quality.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1007/s13280-020-01470-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

青藏高原东北部更尕海沉积软体动物壳体同位素初步研究

文章通过建立更尕海湖泊沉积岩芯软体动物化石属种组合,对比分析了软体动物壳体碳氧同位素的种内、种间变化。结果显示,壳体氧同位素种内变化较小,通常小于0.3‰;相同属不同种的壳体氧同位素种间差异约为0.3‰,但较相同属种的波动幅度大:不同属种的壳体氧同位素的种间差异最大,且波动幅度更大一些。壳体碳同位素的种内和种间差异均较氧同位素大,尤其是碳同位素的种间差异更为显著,可能与软体动物的"生命效应"有关。合理评价软体动物壳体同位素种内和种间变化对于理解软体动物壳体同位素所记录的气候变化具有重要的意义。     

青海省洪水变化情况的研究

为了研究青海省洪水变化情况,搜集了青海省内43个水文站的相关数据,其中选取具有长期观测资料的32个水文站资料,采用P-Ⅲ曲线作为其理论频率曲线,并与各站自建站-1974年和建站-2008年的水文计算成果进行比较,结果表明青海省水情发生了较大的变化,且在各水文分区的变化也不相同。     

三峡库区典型消落带土壤微生物生物量碳、氮的变化特征及其影响因素探讨

本文以三峡库区王家沟一典型消落带为研究对象,选择180、175、165和155 m这4个高程以探讨水位变化对土壤微生物生物量碳(SMBC)和微生物生物量氮(SMBN)的影响.其中,175、165和155m高程坐落在消落带内,分别表现为短、中和长期淹水,180 m高程作为对照,为永不淹水的陆地.土壤样品的采集深度为0~20 cm,每周采集一次.结果表明,180 m高程处土壤有机碳(SOC)和全氮(TN)均无明显的季节变化,而175 m高程处SOC和TN季节变化明显,表现为春夏季高于秋冬季;各高程上的SMBC和SMBN及其分配比例呈现出秋高夏低的季节变化形态,表明消落带夏季高温低湿的土壤环境限制了微生物活性及土壤有机碳氮的周转速率.数据分析表明,与180 m高程相比,消落带上的175 m和165 m高程SOC、TN、SMBC及微生物商、SMBN及其分配比例均得到不同程度的升高,而155 m高程除了SMBN及其分配比例与对照无显著差异外,其他指标均显著低于对照,表明与未淹水对照点相比较,中短期淹水有利于提高消落带土壤碳氮含量及周转速率和微生物生物量,而长期受到江水淹没胁迫的土壤则会抑制土壤碳氮以及SMBC含量,并降低SOC的周转速率.相关分析表明,SMBC和SMBN均与地下5 cm处温度和p H呈极显著负相关,说明地下5cm处的温度以及p H对土壤微生物生物量有强烈的影响.     

基于增强回归树的城市PM2.5日均值变化分析:以常州为例

利用2014年12月至2015年11月常州市区6个国控监测站空气污染物浓度逐时数据,分析了PM_(2.5)浓度季节变化特征,采用增强回归树模拟分析了PM10、4种气态污染物和7个气象因子对ρ(PM_(2.5))日变化的贡献.结果表明,常州市区PM_(2.5)污染季节差异明显,冬季污染严重且持续时间长,夏季污染较轻.四季ρ(PM_(2.5))空间分布特征存在一定差异,但各季内不同监测站差异较小.增强回归树对ρ(PM_(2.5))日均值进行模拟和验证得到,训练数据的相关性为0.981,交叉验证的相关性为0.957.此外,模拟值与实测值的标准化平均偏差为1.80%,标准化平均误差为10.41%,可见模型拟合效果较好.PM10、气态污染物、气象因子和区域输送及扩散这4种影响类型对全年ρ(PM_(2.5))日均值差异的贡献率分别为23.4%、28%、36.2%和12.6%,表明在对ρ(PM_(2.5))日均值差异的影响上,气象因子二次形成一次源区域输送及扩散.在对ρ(PM_(2.5))日均值差异贡献率大于5%的因子中,ρ(PM_(2.5))日均值与PM10、相对湿度、CO和O3正相关,与温度、SO2和混合层高度负相关,与大气压和NO2关系较复杂.区域输送及扩散方面,东南风向、偏西风向和偏北风向等上风向周边城市的污染物输送对常州市区PM_(2.5)污染存在较大的负面影响.     

3种生物滞留设计对城市地表径流溶解性氮的去除作用

城市地表径流溶解性氮(N)的有效控制具有挑战性.2015构建了3种不同设计的生物滞留设施:壤砂种植紫穗狼尾草(CB)、壤砂种植紫穗狼尾草设置饱和带(MB1)、壤砂种植紫穗狼尾草设置饱和带并添加10%木块(MB2).在模拟城市地表径流水文、水质变化条件下,研究3种生物滞留种植植物、设置饱和带以及添加碳源对城市地表径流溶解性N(NH_4~+-N、NO_3~--N)的去除作用.通过为期1年试验监测表明,在进水NH_4~+-N浓度平均值为(5.45±2.21)mg·L-1情况下,3种生物滞留对NH_4~+-N均具有显著的去除作用(去除率95%).基质吸附、硝化与植物吸收是生物滞留有效去除城市地表径流NH_4~+-N的主要途径.在进水NO_3~--N平均值为(5.88±2.32)mg·L-1情况下,CB、MB1和MB2出水NO_3~--N浓度的平均值分别为(4.04±2.64)、(0.84±1.18)和(0.26±0.48)mg·L-1,相应去除率分别为31.3%、85.7%和95.6%.生物滞留种植紫穗狼尾草、设置饱和带以及添加碳源均可显著降低出水NO_3~--N浓度,减少NO_3~--N淋溶输出,提高NO_3~--N去除率.植物吸收和微生物反硝化是生物滞留去除NO_3~--N的主要途径.进水NO_3~--N浓度、水量、间隔天数是影响生物滞留出水NO_3~--N浓度的主要因素.生物滞留种植紫穗狼尾草、设置饱和带并添加碳源,在水文、水质变化情况下,仍可有效去除城市地表径流溶解性N.     

Changes Of Hydrological Environment And Their Influences On Coastal Wetlands InThe Southern Laizhou Bay, China

The structure and function of the coastal wetland ecosystem in the southern Laizhou Bay have been changed greatly and influenced by regional hydrological changes. The coastal wetlands have degraded significantly during the latest 30 years due to successive drought, decreasing of runoff, pollution, underground saline water intrusion, and aggravating marine disasters such as storm tides and sea level rising. Most archaic lakes have vanished, while artificial wetlands have been extending since natural coastal wetlands replaced by salt areas and ponds of shrimps and crabs. The pollution of sediments in inter-tidal wetlands and the pollution of water quality in sub-tidal wetlands are getting worse and therefore “red tides” happen more often than before. The biodiversity in the study area has been decreased. Further studies are still needed to protect the degraded coastal wetlands in the area.