基于景观尺度的流域土地覆被变化及其水文响应

水资源短缺已成为限制华北地区社会经济发展的主要因子之一,其中山区来水减少问题已成为该区域水资源研究亟待解决的关键问题。采用景观格局分析法及统计学方法对华北土石山区典型流域--红门川流域土地/覆被变化及其水文动态响应进行分析。结果表明：(1)1990～2005年流域景观呈破碎化趋势,其中,优势景观林地在研究时段内面积变化不大;耕地、建设用地面积增加趋势显著,增幅分别为431%和444%;水域减少趋势最为明显,减幅达208%。(2)土地利用/覆被变化对流域径流有显著调节作用：随着土地结构不断优化,森林、耕地面积的增加,1998～2005年流域平均年径流系数较1990～1998年下降77%;丰、平和枯水年径流系数则分别减少64%、31%和85%;当剔除降水因素后,土地利用景观结构优化使得月径流系数减少16%～100%。(3)土地利用/覆被变化对流域径流的调节作用呈现季节性,植物生长季径流调节尤为显著     

Changes in forest biomass carbon stock in the Pearl River Delta between 1989 and 2003

Forest ecosystems play a significant role in maintaining climate stability at the regional and global scales as an important carbon sink.Regional forest carbon storage and its dynamic changes in the Pearl River Delta have been estimated using the continuous biomass expansion factor(BEF)method based on field measurements of forests plots in different age classes and forest inventory data of three periods(1989–1993,1994–1998,1999–2003).The results show that regional carbon storage increased by 16.76%,from 48....     

三峡水库“水华”成因初探

2004年3月、5月、7月、8月、10月和2005年5月对长江干流29个站点进行了5次调查。2004年3月（旱季）在三峡库区坝前（秭归）发现藻类“水华”，藻类密度达2.73×106 cells/L，优势种类为拟多甲藻。2004年8月（雨季）和2005年4月（旱季）沿香溪河下游及河口区以及香溪河口到三峡大坝干流江段进行了2次6个断面分层调查，两次调查中在香溪河下游以及香溪河口区发现了严重的藻类“水华”，藻类密度高达1.87×107 cells/L 和1.67×107 cells/L，优势种分别为蓝隐藻（1.84×107 cells/L）和美丽星杆藻 (1.34×107 cells/L)。相关分析结果表明：三峡库区干流藻类数量和生物量与水库的出水流量有着显著的负相关(Spearman，r=-1.000, r=-0.900, p<0.05)，而与可溶性营养盐（NO3 N, PO4 P, SiO3 Si）的浓度无显著的相关性；在2004年7~8月（雨季）香溪河下游及河口区浮游植物生物量与主要营养盐（NO3 N, PO4 P,SiO3 Si）的浓度呈显著负相关（Spearman,p<0.01, p<0.05,p<0.01, n=21）；在2005年4月（旱季）该河段藻类密度与主要营养盐（NO3 N N,SiO3 Si）呈显著负相关 (Spearman, p<0.05，p<0.01,n=28)，但与PO4 P无显著的相关性。香溪河口到秭归的坝前库区河段藻类数量与主要营养盐（NO3 N, PO4 P,SiO3 Si）没有显著相关性(Spearman, │r│<0.2, n=20)。然而香溪河下游及河口区主要营养盐（NO3 N, PO4 P, SiO3 Si）浓度却低于长江干流。可以推断三峡库区蓄水后干流和支流发生“水华”的最主要原因是筑坝后库区内水动力条件的改变而非营养盐浓度较高。随着三峡工程的全面完工，库区内水体滞留时间的进一步延长，三峡库区水体富营养化趋势将会进一步加剧。     

全球气候变化框架公约执行中的协商性谈判探讨

1992年联合国通过了《联合国气候变化框架公约》。在同年6月地球首脑会议上,155个国家签署了该公约。随着公约内容的具体化,围绕缔约国之间控制温室气体排放这个主议题,将展开政治、经济、法律、环境诸方面的分工协作以控制全球气候的变化。因此有必要在多边谈判和实施公约的工作中,讨论协商性谈判问题。本文探讨了该问题并就协商性谈判提出一些原则性建议。     

二万年来长江中下游自然环境变迁及其发展趋向探讨

20000～15000a.B.P.间气候最冷,生长喜冷的针叶林和干旱草原植被.在14780±700a.B.P.出现了最低海面(-154m);15000～13500a.B.P.,气候较暖湿,海面上升,生长阔叶混交林;13500～10500a.B.P.,气候有2次温暖和3次较冷,在暖期生长针阔叶混交林.较冷期则出现森林草原和草原.最低的温度比现在低5～7;一万多年来的冰后期,气候变化分为5个新冰期(包括小冰期)和5个新高温期(包括小气候最宜期).最高气温比现在高2～3℃,出现在5000～4000a.B.P.之间;最低温度比现在低3～5℃最高海面在6500～6300a.B.P.,高出现在海面4～5m.在温暖期中生长常绿一落叶阔叶林中亚热带针阔混交林;在较冷期间,生长落叶阔叶林,针叶林或草原草地.在人类影响或自然发展之结果,未来环境变化有可能向干暖气候和高海面演变,或向干冷气候和海面下降转变.这些变化将对长江中下游带来意外的灾难.     

Temporal changes in Ohio amniocentesis utilization during the first twelve years (1972–1983), and frequency of chromosome abnormalities observed

The history of amniocentesis utilization in the seventh largest state of the United States is documented from its inception in 1972 through the first half of 1984. Amniocentesis utilization ratios for Ohio residents aged ⩾35 have increased from 0.21 per cent (19/9091) in 1972 to 23.4 per cent (1655/7531) in 1983, representing an average annual growth rate of 43.1 per cent. Of the amniocenteses performed from January 1, 1978–July 1, 1984, 71 per cent were referred for advanced maternal age (⩾35), 15 per cent for maternal anxiety (30–34), 10 per cent for family history or previous child with a genetic defect, and 4 per cent for other reasons. Between 1978-1983 utilization by women 45 years of age was only 20 per cent higher than women 35 even though their risk of giving birth to a Down syndrome child was about one order of magnitude higher. In addition, various factors were tested as to whether they affected utilization of amniocentesis by women ⩾35 during 1978 1983. A strong correlation of +0.89 existed between county population size and utilization ratios. No difference in utilization was found between whites and nonwhites, regardless of county population size. When utilization ratios were compared separately between Protestants, Catholics and other religions in Ohio's most populated county, no statistical differences were found. From 1978–July 1, 1984, the frequency of all cytogenetically abnormal chromosome results observed in Ohio amniocenteses to women ⩾35 was 2.48 per cent (187/7536). Of these, 2.15 per cent (162/7536) had unbalanced karyotypes. Future maximum amniocentesis utilization for women ⩾35 is estimated at 60–70 per cent.     

浙西山地马尾松林分针叶量的动态变化及其遥感监测

介绍了一种运用陆地卫星ＴＭ数据监测马尾松林分针叶量及其变化的方法，只要由森林资源清查数据建立起林分资源信息库后，就可通过监测年份卫星数据与背景数据的比较，初步了解森林的健康状况。并通过宏观的监测结果，森防人员根据多年的经验就可预测发展趋势，制定出相应的防治策略，进而实现宏观监测和预测森林病虫害的目的。     

崇明东滩候鸟自然保护区的动态变化

在８０年代末期的鸟类及其生境调查研究基础上，正式提出拟建的上海市崇明东滩候鸟自然保护区，５年来随着滩涂的游涨及９０年代初期人工围垦的影响，滩涂自然植被和鸟类的种类，数量，分布也随之有了相应的相应的动态变化。该文在新的调查资料基础上，对崇明东滩鸟类赖以生存地自然植被恢复，候鸟食料的容量分析等作了研究；同时，还论述了崇明候鸟自然保护区的界线范围及其动态变化，以及保护区内部３个功能小区的动态等。     

四川黄龙沟天然水中的深源CO_2与大规模的钙华沉积

在有大规模钙华沉积的四川黄龙沟中,使用化学成分数据以及碳氧稳定同位素组成对其水文地球化学特征进行了分析研究。研究区钙华沉积的地表溪流水质基本上受到两种水混合的制约,即断层泉水和山区的融雪(冰)水。泉水中含有高浓度的经由断层提供的CO2,结果高浓度的溶解CO2使得其溶解的碳酸盐岩比普通的岩溶泉溶解的碳酸盐岩高得多,同时也导致硅酸盐岩的溶解。黄龙沟中上游的泉水相对于方解石接近于平衡。溶解无机碳(DIC)的浓度和它们的δ13C值是大约由c=0.02mol·L1δ13C=-3‰的CO2(aq)与含有δ13C=+3‰的碳酸盐岩在封闭系统条件下反应的结果。估计这些CO2中约有70%来自上地幔。所有泉水的水化学数据均落在高岭石稳定域内,但对Na长石和Ca长石具有侵蚀性。由于这些长石矿物的溶解速率太慢,所以水中的化学成分远离长石稳定域。地表溪流的DIC种类之间达到同位素平衡,在不同观测点发现的δ13CDIC变化主要是由于从水中释放出的CO2的程度不同引起的。水样的δ18O值与其采集点的海拔高度之间存在线性关系;研究区的地表溪流的氧同位素组成受到蒸发的制约。在流经钙华沉积物的地表溪流中白天和夜晚的水化学及pH的日变化表明生物作用促进了碳酸盐的沉积,尽管作用不显著。据估计研究区碳酸钙的日沉积速率是4778kg·km2,即约1mm·a1。     

The three-year monitoring of 18 elements in five edible mushroom species collected from an old orchard

Abstract

The content of Al, As, Be, Cd, Ca, Cr, Co, Cu, Fe, Pb, Li, Mg, Mn, Ni, Rb, Se, Sr, and Zn in fruiting bodies of edible mushrooms Calocybe gambosa, Entoloma clypeatum, Entoloma saepium, Xerocomellus chrysenteron, and Amanita rubescens growing in an orchard planted with fruit trees and situated close to a high-grown forest was studied during years 2016–2018. A. rubescens showed the highest potential of the element accumulation with bioconcentration factors of 48.5, 16.2, 7.80, 6.53, 1.75, and 1.68 obtained for Rb, Cd, Cu, Zn, Sr, and Mg, respectively. Both Entoloma species accumulated the elements similarly with bioconcentration factors >1.0 obtained for Rb, Cu, Cd, and Mg. Bioconcentration factors <0.05 were obtained for Al, Cr, Fe, and Pb in all studied species. The contents of beryllium (<0.1?mg/kg dry matter) were always the lowest among the studied elements. The contents of some elements of studied mushroom species significantly fluctuated over the years. Despite the fact that some studied elements (As, Be, Cd, Pb, Ni) are considerably toxic for humans, the pronounced effect on health is not expected if the studied mushroom species are consumed occasionally and do not represent the main component of the diet.