驱动数据对流域水文模拟中不同结果要素的影响

流域水循环中各要素之间高度的非线性关系,使得驱动数据对模拟结果的影响研究变得复杂。结合站点实测和遥感的降水、温度和潜在蒸散发驱动数据,构建了叶尔羌河流域的8个MIKE SHE模型;根据方差分析模型（ANOVA）对模型“输入”与“输出”之间显著性影响检验的结果,以积融雪过程为例,剖析了驱动数据影响的具体表现。结果表明：相比站点数据,TRMM降水驱动的模型导致积雪输出的空间分布差异性更加明显;MODIS温度数据驱动的模型导致了中低山区的永久性薄层积雪覆盖更广,而高山区的储雪量更少;遥感蒸散发驱动的模型在积雪模拟方面并无显著差异。ANOVA对水文系统中要素之间的显著性假设检验,可为明晰驱动数据对水文过程的具体影响方式提供重要前提。     

Hydrological Variability and Uncertainty of Lower Missouri River Basin Under Changing Climate

The lower Missouri River Basin has experienced increasing streamflow and flooding events, with higher risk of extreme hydrologic impacts under changing climate. The newly available North American Regional Climate Change Assessment Program (NARCCAP) climate projections were used as atmospheric forcing for Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model which runs with varying potential evapotranspiration (PET) methods to assess the hydrological change and uncertainty of 2040‐2069 over 1968‐1997. The NARCCAP temperature and precipitation predictions were refined using a bias correction method. The results show that, following the seasonal variability of precipitation, various water fluxes would increase in most seasons except the summer. Expected precipitation tends to increase in intensity with little change in frequency, triggering faster surface water concentration to form floods. The greatest streamflow increase would occur from November to February, increasing by around 10% on average. An increase of 3% occurs in the other months except for July and August in which river discharge decreases by around 2%. The climate predictions contribute more uncertainty annually, but PET algorithms gain more influence in winter or when other weather factors such as wind play a relatively more important role on evapotranspiration flux. This study predicts an even wetter environment compared to the historically very wet period, with the possibility of more flooding.     

基于变异性范围法（RVA）的河流生态流量估算

河流生态系统的生物组成、结构和功能依赖于河流水流的天然动态变化特征,即河流水文情势。变异性范围法（Range of Variability Approach,RAV）被广泛应用于评估河流生态系统是否得到维护。将RVA法的思路扩展到生态流量的计算,提出了一种简便、立足整体河流水文情势的生态流量估算方法。该方法使用均值与RVA阈值差计算了生态流量值,为维持河流健康生态系统提供支持。将该方法应用于南水北调西线一期工程中泥曲河的生态流量估算,得到引水坝址仁达处年可调径流量为6.44亿m3,与其他生态需水估算方法的结论基本一致。另提出了可支配系数反映河流流量可调用状况。南水北调西线一期工程计划从泥曲调水8亿m3·a-1,从RVA法的理念来看,该方案对仁达至朱巴河段的生态系统将构成威胁,需谨慎实施。     

鄱阳湖天然湖面遥感监测及其与水位关系研究

以1989—2010年鄱阳湖100期(景)Landsat TM/ETM+影像为数据源,对比分析了水体指数法和谱间关系法两种主要的水体提取方法,利用水体指数法提取了天然湖体水面面积,揭示了不同水位下鄱阳湖天然湖体水面的空间扩展过程与特征,建立了汛期与非汛期水面-水位关系模型并确定了相应代表性水位站。结果表明:①在鄱阳湖,水体指数法水体提取精度优于谱间关系法;②受地形影响,不同水位条件下鄱阳湖天然水面的空间扩展特征大致呈"菱形"沿湖岸以顺时针方向(即:北→东→南→西→北)推进;③水位为6~15 m时,鄱阳湖天然湖体水面随水位变化呈线性变化,水面变化显著;而在水位介于15~22 m时,天然湖体水面随水位变化则呈对数变化。基于水面-水位关系模型,确定汛期代表性水位站为星子站、都昌站与吴城站;而非汛期代表性水位站为棠荫站。     

Sub-chronic exposure to carbendazim induces biochemical and hematological alterations in male goats

The present investigation reports the effect of repeated (90 days) administration of carbendazim on the biochemical and hematological parameters in male goats. Carbendazim administered orally at a daily dose of 50 mg kg^?1 body weight for 90 consecutive days resulted in increased plasma concentration of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), creatinine and albumin, while alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and glucose levels were decreased. Decrease in total leukocyte (TLC) and neutrophil count and increase in lymphocyte count was observed in the treatment group. The findings of the present investigation indicate that sub-chronic exposure to carbendazim in male goats causes hepatic and slight kidney dysfunctions.     

Aggregation and dissolution of silver nanoparticles in a laboratory-based freshwater microcosm under simulated environmental conditions

Silver nanoparticles (NP) are used in several applications, including their use as antimicrobial agents in textiles, personal care, and other domestic products. As such, there is a high potential for the release of silver nanoparticles (AgNP) in the aquatic environment. In aquatic ecosystems, nanomaterials are affected by abiotic factors, such as temperature, that alter their chemistry and influence their fate in the environment. Preliminary studies indicate that NP tend to form aggregates which are potentially more recalcitrant than unaggregated NP. These and other fate processes are largely dependent on both the characteristics of the NP and that of the environment. In this study, lab experiments were conducted to investigate the physicochemical properties and temperature solubility of AgNP (<100 nm) that may potentially influence the fate and behavior of AgNP in the aqueous environment. Results indicated that, under these tested conditions, AgNP may be transformed in size and thereby affect fate, bioavailability, and toxicity. In this study, a novel method was used to determine whether AgNP would form agglomerates, or behave as isolated particles, or dissolve when in aqueous media and under different environmental conditions. The new aspects evaluated in this study demonstrated that AgNP are transformed in both size and state under variable environmental conditions.     

Changes in wetland landscape patterns on Yinchuan Plain,China

Wetlands, with their many values and important functions, are precious resources. They have, however, undergone great changes during economic development and population growth. Relying on recent advances in remote sensing and geographic information system (GIS) techniques, this paper probes changes in wetland landscapes on Yinchuan Plain during 1978–2006. A series of remote sensing images was used to identify wetland landscape types. Landscape pattern indices, such as patch number, patch density, landscape shape, and Shannon's diversity, evenness, and contagion indices were calculated with GIS and landscape analysis software. Changes in wetland landscape patterns on Yinchuan Plain were analyzed. The analysis show that the total area of wetlands on Yinchuan Plain decreased from 391,540,239 m² in 1978 to 267,979,957 m² in 2006, a significant change over 28 years. The area of rivers and lakes has shrunk, and the area of paddies has increased consistently, with increasing wetland fragmentation and heterogeneity. The number of patches, patch density, and landscape shape index shows that wetland landscape patterns have undergone great changes. The landscape diversity, landscape evenness, and contagion indices indicate that wetland landscapes have become less heterogeneous. We discuss the causes of these changes and the sustainable development of wetland ecosystems.     

植被恢复工程对黄河中游土地利用/覆被变化的影响

剧烈的人类活动可快速地改变土地利用/覆被变化（LUCC）格局,并对地表参量和水文要素产生深刻的影响。论文以退耕还林/还草生态工程（Grain for Green Project, GGP）的重点区黄河中游为例,利用5期土地利用数据,定量分析了区域LUCC的过程与趋势,并探讨了GGP对下垫面地表参量及水文要素的影响。结果表明：1）GGP并未显著地改变研究区土地利用空间分布格局,但改变了各土地类型的转换速度和平衡状态。GGP实施前各类型间相互转换频繁,处于动态平衡态势,而 GGP实施后以土地类型单向转换为主,处于不平衡态势,以耕地单向转为林草地为主。2）不同子流域间LUCC存在差异。GGP前汾河流域变化速度较其他区域快,呈准平衡状态;工程实施后的前期,河龙区间与渭河流域的净变化率以及总变化率较快,而后期差异不显著,呈不平衡状态。3）GGP显著地改变了下垫面地表参量和水文要素。GGP的实施使得NDVI、LAI和发射率显著增加,而反照率显著下降,以河龙区间尤为显著;径流系数显著下降,而蒸散发系数显著增加,尤以河龙区间表现显著。     

基于OTIS模型的巢湖十五里河源头段氮磷滞留特征

为揭示巢湖十五里河源头河段氮磷营养盐滞留特征,选择NH4Cl、KH2PO4及NaCl作为示踪剂,开展野外现场示踪实验.根据获得的氯离子浓度和营养盐浓度穿透曲线数据信息,利用OTIS与OTIS-P计算软件,估算水文参数(D、A、As、a等)和营养盐一阶吸收系数(λ、λs).在此基础上,计算暂态存储指标和营养盐吸收相关参数值,定量评估主河道流动水体与暂态存储对NH4+和SRP的损失贡献.结果表明,主河道与暂态存储区NH4+吸收系数平均值分别为3.88×10-6,8.81×10-4s-1,SRP分别为7.80×10-6,7.98×10-8s-1;综合衰减系数k-NH4平均值为1.64×10-4s-1,k-SRP为7.80×10-6s-1;NH4+和SRP的吸收长度Sw-NH4、Sw-SRP相当大,分别为1632.88,25471.32m,意味着该河段经由物理或生态过程去除N、P的可能性低;该河段Vf-NH4、Vf-SRP 值较营养盐浓度低的溪流或小河流偏小,但U-NH4、U-SRP则明显偏大;暂态存储对于NH4+损失的平均贡献率为93.82%,主河道水流对SRP损失的平均贡献率高达99.70%.