Determining the age of cyclomorphic rodents: Functional-ontogenetic determination,ecological aspects

Functional-ontogenetic determination of age-dependent dental changes (ADCs) in voles has been demonstrated. The relationship between ADCs and the functional state of animals has been analyzed. A scheme and a table for determining individual chronological and biological ages in the bank vole (Clethrionomys glareolus Sch.) are proposed, which markedly improve the accuracy of results. Cases of rodent maturation and breeding in winter are considered.     

光电芬顿氧化法深度处理垃圾渗滤液研究

采用光电芬顿氧化法对北京市某垃圾填埋场已经生化处理后的垃圾渗滤液进行深度处理,分别考察了电流强度和铁的不同价态等因素对渗滤液总有机碳（TOC）、化学需氧量（COD）以及色度去除效果的影响,并对阳极氧化、电芬顿和光电芬顿不同反应过程进行了对比。通过分析渗滤液UV-Vis光谱(200～500 nm)变化和渗滤液中有机污染物的分子量变化,发现光电芬顿反应可以明显改善渗滤液生化性。深入研究了反应过程中铁价态的变化规律。试验结果发现,以高比表面积的活性炭纤维(ACF)为阴极的光电芬顿反应可以有效降解垃圾渗滤液,在pH为3,Fe²⁺ 浓度为1 mmol/L,电流为0.5 A,O₂通入量为250 mL/min条件下降解360 min,垃圾渗滤液TOC和COD去除率分别达到78.9%和62.8%,色度完全去除。     

Amphibians and agricultural chemicals: Review of the risks in a complex environment

Agricultural landscapes, although often highly altered in nature, provide habitat for many species of amphibian. However, the persistence and health of amphibian populations are likely to be compromised by the escalating use of pesticides and other agricultural chemicals. This review examines some of the issues relating to exposure of amphibian populations to these chemicals and places emphasis on mechanisms of toxicity. Several mechanisms are highlighted, including those that may disrupt thyroid activity, retinoid pathways, and sexual differentiation. Special emphasis is also placed on the various interactions that may occur between different agro-chemicals and between chemicals and other environmental factors. We also examine the indirect effects on amphibian populations that occur when their surrounding pond communities are altered by chemicals.     

Forest ecosystems of the volga basin under conditions of global climate warming: Local ecological prediction

Prediction based on one of the latest extreme prognostic models, the Hadley Centre Model HadCM3 (version A2) has been performed using an original method of discrete empirical statistical modeling of ecosystems. Probabilistic scenarios of the expected changes in summer soil moisture content until the mid-22nd century and corresponding structural and functional changes in forest ecosystems for different zonal/regional conditions of the Volga basin are described.     

分布式TOPMODEL模型在清江流域降雨径流模拟中的应用

以清江流域上游为研究区域,探讨TOPMODEL模型在大流域的应用;对比了SRTM和地形图两种DEM数据在流域地形指数计算及降雨径流模拟中的差异,结果表明,虽然不同DEM计算得到的地形指数和模型率定参数存在较大差异,但是模拟效率基本相同,SRTM数据作为全球覆盖的免费高分辨率DEM数据将极大促进TOPMODEL模型的应用;分析了TOPMODEL模型在大流域中应用存在的局限性,在此基础上,构建了基于子流域的松散耦合的分布式TOPMODEL模型,提出了利用流域实际下垫面数据进行模型参数率定的方法,探讨了子流域划分详细程度对模拟结果的影响,结果表明,分布式TOPMODEL模型充分考虑了流域降雨和下垫面属性空间不均匀性对水文过程的影响,模拟效率高于传统TOPMODEL模型,随着子流域数目的增加,模型在率定期和校验期的效率均呈上升趋势,但是到达一定程度之后,受降雨等输入参数及模型计算误差所限,增加子流域个数不能继续提高模拟效率.     

近50年湘江流域干湿气候变化若干特点

采用M-K突变、小波分析、空间变异系数、经验正交函数分解法（EOF）和旋转经验正交函数分解法（REOF）等方法,对近48年来湘江流域40个测站干湿指数（Z指数）进行了分析。研究表明：湘江流域1960年代前期和1980年代为干旱期,1990年代为湿润期。1980年代末有向湿润转变趋势,2003年后又开始向干旱转变。湘江流域干湿的年际变化较小,降水相对稳定,存在3年、6年和10年和21年4个特征时间尺度,且未来几年湘江流域将仍处于干旱期。湘江流域干湿变化具有很好的主体一致性,依据空间异常类型可分为南部、中部、北部和西南部4个区域。     

内蒙古东乌珠穆沁旗草甸草原生态环境时空演变分析

选取内蒙古东乌珠穆沁旗满都胡宝拉格草甸草原为研究区,在遥感和GIS技术的支撑下,以景观生态学理论为指导,通过分析该地区近15年来四个时期景观类型的空间格局、演化态势和变化规律,从景观视角挖掘出格局信息与生态环境变化之间的内在关联性,运用马尔科夫链模型对未来草原景观格局变化的趋势进行了模拟和预测,并分析了该地区生态环境变化的驱动机制,为科学利用和保护草地资源、保证区域可持续发展提供了科学依据。     

Oxidative stress in the kidney injury of mice following exposure to lanthanides trichloride

Environmental pollution from lanthanides (Ln) has been recognized as a major problem due to a grab exploitation of Ln mine in China. Exposure to Ln has been demonstrated to cause the nephrotoxicity, very little is known about the mechanism of oxidative damage to kidney in animals. In order to understand Ln-induced nephrotoxicity, various biochemical and chemical parameters were assayed in mouse kidney. Intragastric exposures of LaCl₃, CeCl₃, and NdCl₃ at doses of 2, 5, and 10 mg kg⁻¹ BW for 90 consecutive days caused nephritis or epithelial cell necrosis and oxidative stress to kidney. An increase in coefficients of the kidney, La, Ce, and Nd accumulation and histopathological changes in the kidney could be observed, followed by increased reactive oxygen species production and peroxidation levels of lipid, protein and DNA, and decreased activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione-S-transferase and glutathione reductase as well as antioxidants such as glutathione, ascorbic acid and thiol contents. Furthermore, La, Ce, and Nd significantly suppressed expression of genes and proteins of these antioxidative enzymes in mouse kidney. In addition, kidney functions were disrupted, including an increase of the creatinine, and reductions of uric acid, urea nitrogen, calcium and phosphonium. These findings suggest that nephritis generation or epithelial cell necrosis in mice following exposure to Ln is closely associated with oxidative stress. Of these damages, the most severe was in the Ce³⁺-exposed kidneys, next in the Nd³⁺-exposed kidneys, and the least in the La³⁺-exposed kidneys, which may be attributed to the 4f electron of Ln.     

Traditional Farming Landscapes for Sustainable Living in Scandinavia and Japan: Global Revival Through the Satoyama Initiative

Traditional, pre-industrial farming was adapted to the natural environment—topography, geology, hydrology, climate, and biota. Traditional land use systems are still to be traced in Scandinavia as an “infield/outland landscape”, and in Japan as a “Satoyama landscape.” There are obvious similarities and differences in land use—the main difference being that pasturing of cattle and sheep has been less important in Japan. These land use systems can be traced back to early sedentary settlements 1500–2500 years ago. In both regions, traditional management almost ceased in the mid-twentieth century leading to afforestation and decreased biological diversity. Today, there is in Japan a growing movement for landscape restoration and promotion of a sustainable living countryside based on local agrarian and forestry production, local energy, tourism, etc. With this background, the so-called Satoyama Initiative has been organized and introduced as a global socio-ecological project with ecosystem services for human well-being.     

基于植被状态指数的干旱化特征及气候驱动因素分析——以江苏省为例

干旱是危害最大的自然灾害之一,给农业生产及地区经济造成了巨大的损失。以AVHRR和MODIS遥感数据集所计算的植被状态指数(Vegetation Condition Index,VCI)为监测指标,研究江苏省干旱的时空变化特征,并结合江苏省气象站台1982~2010年的实测气象资料,分析降水量、气温、相对湿度和日照时数这四个气候因子的变化趋势及其对干旱化的影响,不仅能够定量地描述植被干旱的空间变化,还可以反映长期气候对其起到的正反作用。研究结果表明:江苏省近30年的年均VCI值呈上升趋势,区域整体旱情有所缓解;四个气候因子中,年均温度逐渐升高,年均降水量基本保持不变,年均相对湿度和日照时数则呈下降趋势,其中气温和相对湿度与VCI的相关性达极显著水平,是影响江苏省旱情的主要因素。