江汉平原耕地数量变化驱动机制分析--以仙桃市为例

江汉平原历来是我国重要的商品粮生产基地，保留一定的耕地数量对保障我国粮食安全具有重大意义。因此，研究其耕地变化的驱动因子使具有实际意义。文章以仙桃市为例，借助统计分析软件SAS，运用主成分析分析方法，分析了其1990-2002年耕地的数量变化及其驱动因子，并基于可持续发展理论提出了仙桃市耕地可持续利用的对策。     

Functional Isomorphism of Ecosystems and Its Significance for Ecological Prognosis

A concept concerning the functional isomorphism of natural ecosystems as a factor modulating climatogenic changes in the soil–plant cover is proposed. On an empirical basis, production and destruction types of isomorphism are distinguished, which differ in their prevailing influence on the dynamics of zonal and regional ecosystems in the boreal and subboreal belts.     

偏最小二乘回归法在非点源污染年负荷量估算中的应用

针对非点源污染数据资料稀缺,机理模型难以建立,而统计模型所需资料相对比较易于获得,计算简便直观,并且在水环境规划管理中对非点源的年负荷量预测、估算的指导意义要大于对某一时点、某一断面的负荷量的模拟预测的情况,尝试将综合了多元回归、主成分分析、典型相关分析的偏最小二乘回归法用于建立流域非点源污染年负荷量的模拟估算模型,同时运用水文分析法以淮河淮南段为例进行计算并对两种方法进行对比,分析各自优缺点及其适用范围。应用表明,水文分析法适用于一年以上的非点源污染负荷量估算而对单次或短期的估算误差较大。偏最小二乘回归法解决了多元回归时变量具有多重相关性的问题,能够在样本数量少的情况下建模,提高相关分析的精度,具有较强的解释能力。     

湖泊流域系统水文水动力联合模拟研究进展综述

湖泊流域水文水动力联合模拟对综合管理湖泊流域水资源具有重要的理论和实践意义。通过水文水动力联合模拟研究进展的综述,可深入了解湖泊流域联合模型发展和演变过程,把握国际研究主流趋势和前沿手段。传统湖泊流域联合模拟方法主要通过流域水文模型结合湖泊水量平衡模型来计算湖泊流域水均衡组分,但水量平衡方法仅是对湖泊过程的一般性描述,难以切实反映水位空间差异显著的湖泊系统有着显著的水动力特性。基于流域水文模型与湖泊水动力模型的联合系统克服了大尺度湖泊流域系统难以切实描述和完整模拟的难点,在湖泊流域系统水资源管理与调控中发挥了重要作用。系统概述了国内外不同尺度湖泊流域系统水文水动力联合模拟研究,归纳总结了基于外部耦合、内部耦合与全耦合技术的联合模型的优势和不足。从学科发展趋势和应用需求的角度出发,概述了湖泊流域系统联合模拟的难点和今后发展趋势     

Biochemical Changes in Decomposing Leaves of Mangroves

Nylon bags containing yellow leaves of Rhizophora apiculata and Avicennia marina, were immersed for 80 days from August to October, 1996. the decomposing leaves were collected every 10 days and analysed for dry weight loss and six biochemical parameters: tannins, total amino acids, total sugars, total nitrogen, total lipids and fatty acid profile. the leaf weight initially decreased very rapidly by about 50% of the start in two species of mangroves within 10 days. Similar changes were observed with tannins, total amino acids and sugars. However, the concentration of nitrogen increased significantly with decomposition. There was no significant change in total lipid and fatty acid profile. the highest concentration of fatty acid in the decomposing leaves was palmitic acid (16:0). Unsaturated fatty acids such as, 18:1 w7c and 18:1 w9c were found to be present in decomposing leaves of both species.     

Climate changes and overstory recruitment of larch at the northern timberline in the Yamal Peninsula

Studies on overstory recruitment of the Siberian larch (Larix sibirica Ledeb.) in open larch forests depending on the time of seedling establishment (1880–1980) have been performed in the northern timberline ecotone on the Yamal Peninsula. Two periods of active larch establishment have been revealed: from 1900 to 1935 and from 1950 to 1970. A comparison of these data with the results of instrumental observations on temperature and precipitation has shown that the overstory recruitment of larch in valleys of northern rivers is largely dependent on July air temperatures in the first years of tree life, when seedlings grow 10–20 cm high.     

Effectiveness of Multi‐Site Weather Generator for Hydrological Modeling1

Khalili, Malika, François Brissette, and Robert Leconte, 2011. Effectiveness of Multi‐site Weather Generator for Hydrological Modeling. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 1‐12. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2010.00514.x Abstract: A multi‐site weather generator has been developed using the concept of spatial autocorrelation. The multi‐site generation approach reproduces the spatial autocorrelations observed between a set of weather stations as well as the correlations between each pair of stations. Its performance has been assessed in two previous studies using both precipitation and temperature data. The main objective of this paper is to assess the efficiency of this multi‐site weather generator compared to a uni‐site generator with respect to hydrological modeling. A hydrological model, known as Hydrotel, was applied over the Chute du Diable watershed, located in the Canadian province of Quebec. The distributed nature of Hydrotel accounts for the spatial variations throughout the watershed, and thus allows a more in‐depth assessment of the effect of spatially dependent meteorological input on runoff generation. Simulated streamflows using both the multi‐site and uni‐site generated weather data were statistically compared to flows modeled using observed data. Overall, the hydrological modeling using the multi‐site weather generator significantly outperformed that using the uni‐site generator. This latter combined to Hydrotel resulted in a significant underestimation of extreme streamflows in all seasons.     

基于DEM数据的HEC-HMS和Vflo降雨特征模拟对比研究——以北京密云区为例

选用密云地区30 m和90 m DEM数据并运用ArcGIS软件提取该地区DEM数据的水文地理信息,通过分析水文模型HEC-HMS、EPASWMM和Vflo后选择应用HEC-HMS和Vflo模型对该地区降雨进行分析.同时,统计分析密云地区过去30年(1989—2018年)的降雨数据,并结合研究区水文情况,基于密云地区普通降雨、暴雨、大暴雨和特大暴雨的降雨数据选用HEC-HMS和Vflo软件进行水文模拟.结果表明,HEC-HMS和Vflo软件可有效地模拟密云地区的降雨情况.HEC-HMS和Vflo软件输出的仿真结果很好,仿真模型的确定系数均大于0.82.分析HEC-HMS软件输出的普通降雨、暴雨、大暴雨、特大暴雨的降雨强度及其它参数,发现降雨强度越小模拟结果越接近实际数值,基于Vflo水文模拟软件也有相同结果.这同时也说明在对暴雨、大暴雨和特大暴雨进行水文模拟时需要开发或优化相应软件来满足实际需求,最终为生态系统建设提供一定的研究基础.     

基于土地利用的厦门市生态水文调节服务评估

生态系统具有重要的水文调节服务,通过对降水截留、过滤、吸收等手段,能够起到削峰补枯、缓和地表径流、增加地下径流的作用.以厦门市为研究对象,采用SWAT（soil and water assessment tool）水文模型评估了2015年厦门市生态系统水文调节服务;以土地利用为驱动变量,对2010年厦门市生态水文调节服务进行了评估,分析近年来厦门市加快城市绿化和海绵城市建设背景下土地利用变化对厦门市生态水文调节服务的影响.结果表明:2015年厦门市生态水文调节量为5.43×108 m3,时空差异较为明显.从各辖区来看,位于北部山区的同安区调节量（2.91×108 m3）最高,单位面积生态水文调节量（44.61×104 m3/km2）亦最高;建成区内的湖里区调节量和单位面积调节量均最低.从年内分布来看,5—9月生态水文调节量占全年的84.96%,生态系统有效减缓了径流输出,起到削峰的作用;10—11月,生态系统通过拦蓄降水,将其转换为土壤水和地下径流,使得该时期的实际径流大于潜在径流,起到补充枯期径流的作用.在相同气象条件下,2010年和2015年厦门市生态水文调节能力的空间分布整体一致,相比于2010年,2015年厦门市生态水文调节能力有明显提高,各辖区调节量和单位面积调节量均有所增加.研究显示,厦门市生态水文调节服务受气象条件和土地利用的共同作用,降水量越大,生态水文调节量越大,并且北部高植被覆盖区的生态水文调节能力高于南部建成区.      

降雨时间分辨率对SWAT水文模拟的影响

分别基于13个雨量站的日降雨量和小时降雨量,在率水流域建立SWAT（Soil and Water Assessment Tool）水文模型,对基于不同降雨时间分辨率的SWAT模型进行独立的参数率定和验证,在此基础上分析降雨时间分辨率对率水流域SWAT模拟性能的影响.结果表明,降雨输入的时间分辨率对率水流域SWAT模型的水文模拟性能有显著影响.小时降雨输入SWAT模型的纳什系数（NSE）和决定系数（R²）在率定期分别为0.89、0.90,在验证期分别为0.86、0.88,均显著高于日降雨输入SWAT模型对应的模型评价统计量值.究其原因,小时降雨输入SWAT模型对于峰值流量的模拟要明显优于日降雨输入SWAT模型.建议应在不同气候与自然环境条件的流域内开展类似的降雨时间分辨率对水文模型模拟性能的影响研究.