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401.
Land use changes and associated hydrologic disturbances, mainly caused by human activities, is a common reason for wetlands degradation worldwide. The particular scientific effort utilized remotely sensed data, GIS techniques and hydrologic modeling to estimate land use alterations during a 40-years period as well as associated changes in hydrologic parameters such as overland and underground flow, infiltration, evapotranspiration and water storages on ground surface. The results indicated significant variations in the hydrologic regime including a 6% increase in the annual evapotranspiration and a 10% increase in the soil water deficit that impose substantial impacts on the regional wetlands. 相似文献
402.
Prasad VK Ortiz A Stinner B McCartney D Parker J Hudgins D Hoy C Moore R 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2005,110(1-3):141-169
Ohio is typical among the Midwestern and Eastern United States with high levels of water pollutants, the main sources being
from agriculture. In this study, we used a digital elevation model in conjunction with hydrological indices to determine the
role of landscape complexity affecting the spatial and temporal variation in pollutant levels, in one of the most impaired
headwater streams in Ohio. More than eighty five percent of the study area is dominated by agriculture. Spatial distribution
of slope (S), altitude and wetness index along with other watershed parameters such as flow direction, flow accumulation,
stream networks, flow stream orders and erosion index were used within a Geographic Information Systems framework to quantify
variation in nitrate and phosphate loads to headwater streams. Stream monitoring data for nutrient loads were used to correlate
the observed spatial and temporal patterns with hydrological parameters using multiple linear regressions. Results from the
wetness index calculated from a digital elevation model suggested a range of 0.10–16.39, with more than 35% having values
less than 4.0. A Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) predicted soil loss in the range of 0.01–4.0 t/ha/yr. Nitrate
nitrogen levels in the study area paralleled precipitation patterns over time, with higher nitrate levels corresponding to
high precipitation. Atmospheric deposition through precipitation could explain approximately 35% of total nitrate levels observed
in streams. Among the different topographic variables and hydrological indices, results from the step-wise multiple regression
suggested the following best predictors, (1) elevation range and upstream flow length for nitrate, (2) flow direction and
upstream flow length for ammonia-nitrogen and slope, and (3) elevation range for phosphate levels. Differences in the landscape
models observed for nitrate, phosphate and ammonia-nitrogen in the surface waters were attributed partly to differences in
the chemical activity and source strengths of the different forms of these nutrients through agricultural management practices.
The results identify geomorphologic and landscape characteristics that influence pollutant levels in the study area. 相似文献
403.
C. M. ONDIEKI 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》1997,45(3):285-299
The purpose of this study was to establish the water resources of thenon-perennial streams in providing supplementary water needs inLaikipia district. This district has undergone remarkable land usechanges resulting in water use stress of perennial river abstractions andgroundwater exploitation in the semi arid environment.Over a three year period extending from January 1989 to December1991, hydrological variables were monitored in four non-perennial flowcatchments within the district. These catchments have been shown tohave potential of about 8000 m3/km2/year except forlong dry spells during the observation period and high sediment lossesand evaporation rates calling for proper conservation measures in orderto exploit productively the water resources potential of such catchments. 相似文献
404.
简易瞬态工况下汽油车挥发性有机物在线排放特征研究 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
机动车是大气挥发性有机物(VOCs)的重要排放源之一,识别其高分辨率排放特征对于VOCs污染控制具有重要意义.针对现有研究对不同行驶状态下机动车VOCs排放特征精细化描述较为缺乏这一问题,本研究构建了在线与离线相结合的VOCs测量系统,采用底盘测功机运行的简易瞬态工况(VMAS),对广州市36辆不同排放标准的汽油车尾气VOCs高分辨率排放特征开展在线测量.实时观测结果发现,随着国标加严,VOCs排放至少下降2个数量级.庚烷、丁烯、甲苯、甲醛和甲醇为各类VOCs的特征组分,各组分间的相关系数普遍在0.90~0.97之间.然而,随着国标加严,组分间的相关系数下降到0.20~0.94,醇类与其它组分出现负相关或无相关性.VOCs排放分布集中于变速阶段,高于怠速和匀速阶段所占的比重,其中,甲醛、乙醛和丙酮等含氧挥发性有机物(OVOCs)在不同变速阶段维持较高且稳定的排放.这说明在城市地区降低机动车VOCs排放,长期任务是减少因拥堵或其它因素造成的频繁启动和变速,尽可能确保行驶畅通.本研究在线与离线测试所识别的VOCs组分比对结果一致性较高,在线仪器的使用较好地弥补了离线测试识别VOCs实时排放特征的局限性. 相似文献
405.
大气颗粒物是影响我国大多数城市环境空气质量的首要污染物,近年来随着监测技术的进步和采样设备的改进,相关研究对象逐渐从大粒径的PM_10、PM_(2.5)转移到更小粒径的PM_1上.碳质组分是大气颗粒物的重要组成部分.以北京市为研究区域,选取2016年7月、10月及2017年1月、4月作为4个季节的代表月,对大气环境中的PM_(2.5)和PM_1进行采集,分析了二者的质量浓度和季节变化特征.采用两层嵌套气象-空气质量模型系统(WRF-CMAQ)耦合模型对采样时段进行了模拟,分析观测期间PM_(2.5)和PM_1的来源贡献,并使用因子分析法解析了碳质组分的来源.结果表明,PM_(2.5)和PM_1的质量浓度均呈现春、夏、秋、冬这4个季节递增的趋势;PM_1是PM_(2.5)中的主要组成,而且秋冬季节随着灰霾发生频率的增加,PM_1质量浓度占PM_(2.5)的比值明显升高;北京市大气环境中存在明显的二次污染,且SOC更容易在粒径更小的PM_1中积聚.散煤燃烧、机动车尾气排放、居民面源及生物质燃烧排放是北京市大气颗粒物的重要贡献来源;汽油车尾气、柴油车尾气、生物质燃烧和燃煤排放是北京市大气颗粒物中碳质组分的主要来源. 相似文献
406.
407.
Jacky Girel 《Environmental management》1994,18(2):203-221
In France and the United States it has been shown that strong linkages exist between vegetation and alluvial landforms within homogeneous river stretches characterized by geomorphological processes, flood duration, flood magnitude, flood frequency, and sediment size. Furthermore, perturbations induced by man (such as embankments and damming) have been shown to have an effect on both succession and plant distribution patterns. Yet, in numerous cases it is not possible to find either the communities or the plants whose presence might be predicted by reference to the river section characteristics (such as straight, braided, anastomosed, or meandering channels) or by reference to perturbation effects well known in piedmont valleys (such as variations of the water-table depth, variations of magnitude, and frequency and duration of floods). Unexpected species, new communities, and even new successional sequences are often observed. The presence of new alluvial forms explains these differences. An “artificial” substratum generated by an old human perturbation (limited in the time) has been established in the past; consequently, the natural distribution patterns of water and matter flows have been disturbed. Archive research has enabled a classification of abandoned systems that were commonly used during the 16th, 17th, 18th, and 19th centuries on European floodplains. Several case studies were chosen in order to illustrate and explain the importance of stream corridor history. The example of the Isère River valley, downstream from Albertville, is chosen to highlight the heterogeneity of the vegetation mosaïc pattern outside the dikes. The historical reconstruction explains the role of the additional disturbances that cause deviation from the system evolution patterns. 相似文献
408.
水利枢纽工程作用于环境与生态最集中的外部效应为干扰水文与生态过程。简要介绍了云南省香格里拉小中甸水利枢纽工程和所在的金沙江一级支流硕多岗河流域概况,基于工程对硕多岗河的水文与生态过程的干扰机理,预测了工程对坝址上下游的水文过程和生态过程的影响,为针对性地开发本工程合适的生态与环境措施提供了科学的依据。研究结论对高海拨典型生态敏感区域的水利水电环评的水文与生态影响预测理论与技术具有参考意义。 相似文献
409.
410.
由于长期超采地下水,导致滹沱河冲洪积平原地下水位持续下降,水质恶化,为缓解滹沱河超采区水资源矛盾,2018年开始实施了河道回补工程,回补水源为黄壁庄水库水和“南水北调”水.为了研究回补后地下水化学效应变化,应用水文地球化学、水文学和统计学等理论方法,开展了现场动态监测、地下水化学检测工作.结果表明:①实施滹沱河补水后地下水位上升显著,滹沱河沿线地下水位平均回升5.83 m;2019年较2015年滹沱河超采区地下水位平均回升5.93 m,地下水漏斗形状发生改变,地下水向漏斗中心汇集已不明显.②滹沱河多年受上游高硫酸盐水源补给的影响,滹沱河沿岸分布HCO3·SO4-Ca·Mg型地下水,并在HCO3·SO4-Ca·Mg型水两侧形成了条带状的HCO3·SO4·Cl-Ca·Mg型水.与2015年相比,2019年HCO3-Ca·Mg型水的面积减少了20.6%,HCO3·SO4·Cl-Ca·Mg型水和HCO3·SO4-Ca·Mg型水的面积增加了13.6%.③河道补给有效缓解了地下水环境恶化,区域地下水中硫酸盐平均含量基本持平,氯化物浓度、TDS(溶解性总固体)浓度、总硬度呈下降趋势;受上游黄壁庄水库补水影响,滹沱河沿岸附近地下水中硫酸盐的浓度升高,高浓度的硫酸盐主要分布在滹沱河、石津灌渠及黄壁庄水库副坝附近,随着补水的不断推进,水位持续回升,在水动力作用下,其有向下游扩散的趋势.研究显示,科学合理地选择补水水源与回补方式是减缓该地区地下水硫酸盐污染及保持地下水可持续利用的有效方式. 相似文献