中老缅泰交界地区土地利用变化信息挖掘与国别对比

基于Landsat TM/ETM数据,从土地利用空间分布特征、时空变化规律、土地利用程度三个方面,对中老缅泰交界地区1990-2010年土地利用变化特征进行分析。研究表明：① 橡胶园、茶园为增幅最大的土地利用类型,轮歇农地、建设用地、长期性农地也有一定幅度的增加,有林地、灌木林、草地、水域有所减少。② 有林地、灌木林之间的转移及其与长期农地、轮歇农地、橡胶园之间的转移,决定着中老缅泰交界地区土地利用变化特征。中老缅泰交界地区土地利用变化本质上受到市场经济、国家政策、人口迁移、基础设施建设等因素的影响。③ 橡胶园和茶园的时空变化基本表现为面积净值增加,空间位置交换变化非常小。长期农地面积变化不大,但存在较大幅度的空间位置转变;水域、轮歇农地变化以空间位置交换为主。草地、灌木林、有林地、建设用地交换变化和净变化比例相当。④ 1990-2010年,中老缅泰交界地区土地利用程度有所增加,其中,泰国境内土地利用程度最高,老挝和缅甸境内的土地利用程度最低。2000年后中老缅泰交界地区土地利用程度增幅明显加大。其中,中国和缅甸境内土地利用程度后期增幅减小,泰国境内土地利用程度后期增幅变大,老挝境内土地利用程度实现了由前期减少到后期增加的转变。     

黄土塬区土地利用变化对硝态氮累积和淋溶的影响

为了分析黄土塬区土地利用变化对土壤中NO₃--N迁移规律的影响,在陕西长武黄土塬区沿东西方向设置6个样地,每个样地内均选择耕地、由耕地转变来的果龄10 a和20 a左右的苹果园(下称耕地、10 a果园和20 a果园)3种土地利用方式采集土壤样品,分析土地利用变化对NO₃--N迁移的影响,并初步评估其对地下水污染的潜在风险. 结果表明:不同土地利用方式下土壤中NO₃--N均出现累积现象,达到累积峰时的土层深度表现为果园＞耕地,NO₃--N最大累积量表现为20 a果园＞10 a果园＞耕地. 耕地、10 a果园和20 a果园土壤w(NO₃--N)平均稳定深度分别为300、400和500 cm,平均稳定值分别为2.4、2.5和2.6 mg/kg. 地下水中ρ(NO₃-)为15.3 mg/L,而3种土地利用方式下土壤中ρ(可移动态NO₃-)分别为14.2、26.2和26.3 mg/L,可见,与耕地相比,果园土壤中NO₃--N淋溶至地下水的风险更大. 但由于土地利用变化导致的土壤水分运动和地下水补给存在差异,各土地利用方式对地下水中NO₃--N的贡献率尚需进一步量化.      

浑河底泥反硝化厌氧甲烷氧化菌群落结构时空特征

为了解在反硝化厌氧甲烷氧化反应过程中起主要作用的微生物——Candidatus Methylomirabilis oxyfera(M. oxyfera)在河流底泥环境中的时空变化特征,利用克隆文库及实时荧光定量PCR技术考察了浑河流域部分底泥中M. oxyfera-like的16S rRNA和pmoA功能基因的多样性及丰度. 结果表明:从浑河上游至下游丰水期各采样点底泥中M. oxyfera-like的16S rRNA的多样性无明显地域性差异,其OTU(operational taxonomic unit,独立操作单元)数变幅不大;pmoA功能基因的多样性则存在较为明显的地域性差异,上游采样点A(章党大桥)底泥中OTU数为5,下游采样点E(三岔河大桥)底泥中仅为1. 采样点A底泥中M. oxyfera-like的16S rRNA和pmoA功能基因的多样性均存在一定的季节性差异,平水期16S rRNA和pmoA功能基因的Shannon-Wiener多样性指数分别为1.48和2.19,在各期中最高;而枯水期时二者均最低,分别为0.83和1.26. 丰度分析结果显示,所有采样点底泥中M. oxyfera-like的16S rRNA丰度均表现为平水期(2.42×106~1.74×107 copies/g)(以干质量计)最高、枯水期(2.87×104~4.19×106 copies/g)居中、丰水期(1.29×103~2.04×104 copies/g)最低,说明浑河底泥中M. oxyfera-like的丰度亦存在一定的季节性差异.      

Assessing the effects of land use changes on soil sensitivity to erosion in a highland ecosystem of semi-arid Turkey

There has been increasing concern in highlands of semiarid Turkey that conversion of these systems results in excessive soil erosion, ecosystem degradation, and loss of sustainable resources. An increasing rate of land use/cover changes especially in semiarid mountainous areas has resulted in important effects on physical and ecological processes, causing many regions to undergo accelerated environmental degradation in terms of soil erosion, mass movement and reservoir sedimentation. This paper, therefore, explores the impact of land use changes on land degradation in a linkage to the soil erodibility, RUSLE-K, in Cankiri–Indagi Mountain Pass, Turkey. The characterization of soil erodibility in this ecosystem is important from the standpoint of conserving fragile ecosystems and planning management practices. Five adjacent land uses (cropland, grassland, woodland, plantation, and recreational land) were selected for this research. Analysis of variance showed that soil properties and RUSLE-K statistically changed with land use changes and soils of the recreational land and cropland were more sensitive to water erosion than those of the woodland, grassland, and plantation. This was mainly due to the significant decreases in soil organic matter (SOM) and hydraulic conductivity (HC) in those lands. Additionally, soil samples randomly collected from the depths of 0–10 cm (D ₁) and 10–20 cm (D ₂) with irregular intervals in an area of 1,200 by 4,200 m sufficiently characterized not only the spatial distribution of soil organic matter (SOM), hydraulic conductivity (HC), clay (C), silt (Si), sand (S) and silt plus very fine sand (Si + VFS) but also the spatial distribution of RUSLE-K as an algebraically estimate of these parameters together with field assessment of soil structure to assess the dynamic relationships between soil properties and land use types. In this study, in order to perform the spatial analyses, the mean sampling intervals were 43, 50, 64, 78, 85 m for woodland, plantation, grassland, recreation, and cropland with the sample numbers of 56, 79, 72, 13, and 69, respectively, resulting in an average interval of 64 m for whole study area. Although nugget effect and nugget effect–sill ratio gave an idea about the sampling design adequacy, the better results are undoubtedly likely by both equi-probable spatial sampling and random sampling representative of all land uses.     

Hydrology of Clay Settling Areas and Surrounding Landscapes in the Phosphate Mining District,Peninsular Florida1

Abstract: The objective of this study was to use applied and naturally occurring geochemical tracers to study the hydrology of clay settling areas (CSAs) and the hydrological connectivity between CSAs and surrounding hydrological landscapes. The study site is located on the Fort Meade Mine in Polk County, Florida. The CSA has a well‐developed, subangular‐blocky, clay‐rich surface layer with abundant desiccation cracks and other macropores, and a massive, clay‐rich sublayer that is saturated below ～1.0‐2.5 m. A bromide tracer was applied to study hydrological processes in the upper part of the CSA. Bromide infiltrated rapidly and perched on a massive, clay‐rich sublayer. Bromide concentrations decreased in the upper part of the profile without being transported vertically down through the lower part of the profile suggesting that bromide was lost to lateral rather than to vertical transport. Infiltration and lateral flow were rapid suggesting that preferential flow through desiccation cracks and other macropores likely dominates flow in the upper part of the CSA. Naturally occurring solute and stable isotope tracers were used to study the hydrological connectivity between the CSA and the surrounding hydrological landscape. Three‐end mass‐balance mixing model results indicate that shallow and/or deep CSA water can be found in all downgradient waters and must be as much as ～50% of some downgradient waters. Discharge from the CSA to the surrounding surface water‐bodies and surficial aquifer occurs laterally through the berms and/or vertically through the massive, clay‐rich sublayer. However, the precise flow paths from the CSA to the surrounding hydrological landscape are unclear and the fluxes remain unquantified, so the precise effects of CSAs on the hydrology of the surrounding hydrological landscape also remain unquantified.     

浅谈如何选择温湿度箱

主要阐述了电子设备应用于不同场所,遇到的各种复杂的环境因素、;如高温、高湿、低温等,这些环境因素的存在将影响电子信息产品的可靠性,本文简要介绍了如何选用温湿度箱。     

赣江源头流域植被变化的水文响应模拟研究

应用2个分布式水文模型（SWAT和Topmodel模型）,对赣江流域的源头--梅江流域20年内的植被变化所造成的生态水文响应做出了模拟研究。根据2个模型不同的特点,设计了不同的模拟方案,使用SWAT模型模拟径流量的变化,Topmodel模型模拟汇流过程的变化。模拟得到的结果是：排除研究时间段内流域气候变化的影响,仅变换流域下垫面的属性,植被的变化对流域水文特征产生了明显影响,在整个梅江流域的范围内,2000年的年径流总量比1987年增加了146%;在其子流域--琴江流域,1995~2000年的7次洪峰峰值径流出现时间比1987年延迟,峰值径流量减少约5%。这说明从上世纪80年代开始在该流域内进行的植树造林和国土整治工作,即江西省“山江湖工程”,对流域的生态健康具有良好的回馈效应。     

基于分布式水文模型的三峡库区污染负荷对气候变化的响应研究

在建立的耦合了污染负荷模拟模块的三峡水库分布式水文模型的基础上,结合多个全球气候模式的集合平均模拟结果,采用统计降尺度模型SDSM将全球气候模式和分布式水文模型耦合,评估了未来气候变化对三峡库区污染负荷的影响,考虑到研究中存在的不确定性,采用假设情景法,分析了三峡库区污染负荷对不同降水量变化的响应情况.结果表明,库区总氮和总磷负荷均与降水量成正相关,在降水量增加量相同的情况下,总氮负荷变化比总磷更剧烈,而在降水量减少量相同的情况下,总磷负荷变化比总氮更剧烈.另外,降水变化主要对三峡库区4—8月的污染负荷量有较大影响.     

中国干旱区径流的形成及转化

中国干旱区面积约占全国总面积的1/3,是开发潜力较大的地区。但水资源紧缺。研究干旱区径流的形成与转化后可以得出:山区是径流的形成区。平原是径流散失区,水文的地带性规律非常显著。山区是地下水补给了地表水,成为河川径流中的基流。平原地表水通过各种渗漏途径补给了地下水,而平原在扇缘出露的泉水又成为平原河流的主要组成部分。这种地表水与地下水相互转化的特点为水资源的合理利用提供了科学的依据。     

黄土高原沟壑区森林和草地小流域水文行为的比较研究

分析了黄土高原沟壑区森林小流域和自然草地小流域的水文效应,并利用实测资料和模型计算结果比较了两流域的水循环特点,结果发现在郁闭度相同的情况下,森林小流域较自然草地小流域有较小的径流量、较大的蒸散量和较低的３ｍ土层平均含水量,也就是说森林的覆盖增强了水分小循环,削弱了水文大循环,并导致土壤含水量降低。同时也发现森林的上述水文效应仅当其郁闭度达到一定程度时才能表现出来。通过比较两类生态系统植物生长的土壤水分环境条件和水分利用率,认为黄土高原沟壑区在大力发展林业时应以沟谷为主