Landscape and Agricultural Patterns in Rural Areas: a Case Study in the Brionne Basin, Normandy, France

Landscape changes over a period of 25 years were assessed for a catchment basin in Normandy, France. Landscape attributes, i.e. land use, land cover and natural habitat, were obtained from aerial photographs (1964, 1989) and soil maps, to define a landscape typology. Data were aggregated on a 500 m×500 m grid system and treated by multivariate analysis. Results of these analysis show that this rural landscape has undergone changes in landcover (mainly grassland receding to crop) as well as changes in spatial structure (mainly increase of plot size and uniformisation). These changes were related to a typology of farms (realised by multivariate analysis of a field survey on the 38 registered farms of the site). Results suggest that (i) farms with a narrow range of production, i.e. specialised farms, are located on a narrow range of environmental conditions and are associated with stable landscapes, while (ii) farms with a broader range of production (i.e. polyculture) are distributed more widely throughout the landscape, and are mostly associated with the landscape changes.     

Farmers' involvement in landscape activities: an analysis of the relationship between farm location, farm characteristics and landscape changes in two study areas in Jutland, Denmark

Farmers are important agents in rural landscape management as they modify landscape elements to suit their needs. The purpose of this study is to investigate if patterns of landscape activities undertaken by farmers are related to certain farm characteristics and if landscape activities vary from one location to another. With this purpose, we investigated the differences between the level of farmers' involvement in landscape activities in two study areas in central Jutland, Denmark. Particular attention was given to the analysis of the type and extent of landscape activities and their relationship with farm characteristics. In both study areas, landscape activities leading to a more extensive type of land use predominate. However, a multivariate analysis implemented on the set of landscape activity data reveals significant differences between the two study areas. Hedgerow planting and removal is more common in S?nder Omme, while pond digging and cultivation of permanent grass lands are characteristic activities in Gadbjerg-Givskud. Moreover, the proportion of farmers involved and the area affected by different landscape activities is larger in S?nder Omme than in Gadbjerg-Givskud. The farms of the two areas are different in terms of production type, size and socio-economic characteristics. These characteristics represent significant relationships with landscape activities. However, they are not sufficient to explain the differences between landscape activities undertaken in the two areas. The differences are caused by unique cultural and biophysical environment, which influence and modify the relationship between farm characteristics and landscape activities in a distinct manner for each study area.     

亚热带小区域水平上土壤质量时空变化的定量化评价

亚热带小区域水平上土壤质量时空变化的定量化评价王效举，龚子同（中国科学院南京土壤研究所，南京２１０００８）ＱｕａｎｔｉｔａｔｉｖｅＥｖａｌｕａｔｉｏｎｏｆＳｏｉｌＱｕａｌｉｔｙＣｈａｎｇｅｓｉｎＴｉｍｅａｎｄＳｐａｃｅａｔａＳｍａｌｌＡｒｅａＬｅｖｅ...     

土地利用变化的数学模型解析

归纳了目前在研究土地利用变化中广泛采用的一些数学模型，解析了每种模型的涵义和意义。按照模型反映的内容不同，将其分为三大类：土地资源数量变化模型、土地资源质量变化模型和土地资源空间变化模型，总结了每类模型的特点和不足之处。     

乌海市呼吸道疾病与大气污染的关系

文章通过对乌海市几年来的大气污染变化规律及呼吸道疾病患病率的统计,从乌海市的地理位置、气候特点、工业结构以及环境空气现状,结合乌海市环境监测中心站最近六年的环境空气现状监测结果,从室内、外诸方面探讨了乌海市大气污染现状的成因,提出本市呼吸道疾病患病率与大气污染间的必然联系,并对改善乌海市大气环境现状提出了一些具体措施,为当地政府环保决策提供了参考依据。     

焦作市雨水中重金属特征

对焦作市的降水的pH值、重金属浓度进行监测和分析,并分析其中的重金属浓度变化规律以及与pH值、温度、降雨量、其采样间气象条件的关系,从而推测出当前焦作市的空气污染状况。结果表明：焦作市高新区属于弱酸雨区。其中重金属平均含量大小依次为Fe〉Cu〉Mn〉Zn〉Pb〉Ni;样品中Fe的浓度较高,且受pH值和降雨量的影响较大;Cu的含量基本上均在0．08mg／1-0．10mg／l以内,同时其浓度与降雨量呈正相关;Mn的浓度远远低于Fe的浓度,且在样品5和11中浓度达到峰值;Zn的浓度较高,且在样品5和17中浓度达到峰值。Ni和Pb的含量较低;Pb的浓度与pH值呈负相关,Cu、Zn、Mn、Fe四种金属的浓度变化与pH值的相关性总体上呈正线性相关。其相关系数大小依次RMn〉RFe〉RZn〉RCu;Cu、Zn、Mn、Fe四种金属的浓度变化与样品总体积的相关性总体上Cu、Zn呈正线性相关,Mn、Fe呈负线性相关。其相关系数大小依次RFe〉RMn〉RCu〉RZn.     

六股河水质污染特征分析

本文通过对不同时段和不同监测点环境监测数据的对比分析,研究了六股河水质污染特征。结果发现：2004～2010年六股河上游和中游符合Ⅱ-Ⅲ类标准,水质保持良好,但部分年份入海口处水质下降,主要污染指标为高锰酸盐指数和石油类。水期监测结果反映了六股河水质主要污染特征：入海口处个别年份丰水期和平水期主要污染物浓度突升是造成水质下降的主要原因。高流量状态下水质下降反映出受面源污染影响特征。入海口小渔场断面污染物入海通量估算结果表明：高锰酸盐指数和石油类入海量总体呈下降趋势,氨氮入海量呈先下降后急剧升高趋势。     

渤海偏东风对北戴河区降水及温度影响统计分析

利用2001—2010年1～12月北戴河观测站气象资料,筛选出401个样本个例,应用常规统计学方法及天气学理论,按不同分级统计分析降雨(雪)前6～8 h风向、风速及转为海风时温度变化基本数据,计算不同分级相关系数值,得出海上偏东风与降水、温度半定量化估计值。并用临近4个观测站同步资料对比分析,偏东风动态变化对岸区强降水落区具有指示意义;北戴河至内陆延伸温度梯度估计值为:夏季平均值0.6℃/10 km,冬季0.3℃/10 km;为单站精细化预报方法研究及中尺度数值模式检验提供基本依据。     

罗布泊极旱荒漠区的盐泉水文特征

罗布泊地处中亚极旱荒漠区,是塔里木盆地最低的断陷洼地,也是第四纪以来盆地地表水的集水中心和积盐中心。古代罗布泊面积曾有2×104km2,到1958年还有近3 000km2的面积。1970年干涸4 000km2的湖盆成为平坦的岩盐地,自此罗布泊及周围已无湖泊存在,也无常年流水的河流流入罗布泊。该地区平原区只分布有暴雨和融雪形成的间歇性径流河,以及间距远达20km~60km的零散盐泉,各自有着不同的水文特征。地理学界把该地区视为"亚洲的干旱中心"。     

Landscape--wildfire interactions in southern Europe: implications for landscape management

Every year approximately half a million hectares of land are burned by wildfires in southern Europe, causing large ecological and socio-economic impacts. Climate and land use changes in the last decades have increased fire risk and danger. In this paper we review the available scientific knowledge on the relationships between landscape and wildfires in the Mediterranean region, with a focus on its application for defining landscape management guidelines and policies that could be adopted in order to promote landscapes with lower fire hazard. The main findings are that (1) socio-economic drivers have favoured land cover changes contributing to increasing fire hazard in the last decades, (2) large wildfires are becoming more frequent, (3) increased fire frequency is promoting homogeneous landscapes covered by fire-prone shrublands; (4) landscape planning to reduce fuel loads may be successful only if fire weather conditions are not extreme. The challenges to address these problems and the policy and landscape management responses that should be adopted are discussed, along with major knowledge gaps.