污泥水解酸化过程中污染物的释出及其影响因素研究

为了回收利用污泥中的有机物、氮和磷,研究了将厌氧污泥接种到吸附了污染物质的剩余污泥中,对污泥水解酸化的促进以及污泥中微生物所摄取污染物质的释出规律;揭示了厌氧条件下发酵时间、污泥量、pH和热处理对污染物释出的影响。结果表明,接种24 h后污染物被大量释放出来;在发酵时间为24 h条件下,污染物释出量与污泥质量成正比;吸附了污染物的剩余污泥相对含量越高,释磷量越大;污泥厌氧发酵时,碱性条件下有机物和正磷酸盐的释出量大于酸性条件,加碱调高pH可有效促进氨氮的释出;对吸附了污染物的剩余污泥进行短时热处理可有效缩短其厌氧发酵时污染物的释出时间。结果表明,控制污泥厌氧水解发酵条件可以促进污染物的释出,有利于下一步的回收。     

Influence of Cadmium Ions on the Activities of Enzymes Responsible for Membrane Digestion in Carp

Russian Journal of Ecology -     

水解酸化-反硝化-硝化组合工艺处理土霉素废水的效果

采用水解酸化 反硝化 硝化的组合工艺对土霉素废水进行实验室规模连续处理 ,水解酸化和反硝化均采用上向流污泥床 ,硝化采用2个使用不同填料的生物膜反应器 ,稳定运行 70d .当进水COD和NH₄⁺-N浓度分别为2200～3000mg/L和400～460mg/L时 ,该系统在总水力停留时间为56h的条件下 ,稳定实现80%以上的COD和TN去除率 .生物处理出水经48mg/L聚合硫酸铁(以铁计)处理后COD降至293mg/L,实现了废水的达标排放.     

含磷酸盐的三氯化铁水解溶液的化学特征

通过对含磷酸盐三氯化铁水解溶液的ｐＨ驰豫，电导率，可见光光谱和不同化学反应活性组分的分布等一系列化学物理性质的表征，说明在ＦｅＣｌ３－ＮａＨ２ＰＯ４－ＮａＨＣＯ３溶液体系中，ＰＯ４＾３参与了Ｆｅ（Ⅲ）的水解－聚合反应，形成了Ｆｅ－ＯＨ－Ｆｅ－ＰＯ４－Ｆｅ结构共同控制溶液性质。使溶液性质发生了从量变到质变的过程，证明ＰＯ４＾３对Ｆｅ（Ⅲ）溶液的水解形态有重要影响。     

杀螟松、马拉松、杀扑磷和杀灭磷在不同pH和温度下的水解速率

水解是农药在环境中降解的一条重要途径。为正确评价农药在各种环境条件下的残留行为,有必要系统地研究温度和介质酸碱度对农药水解速率的影响。     

碱解工艺预处理DMF废水

N,N-二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)及其分解产物二甲胺(DMA)对生物硝化具有强烈的抑制作用,致使含DMF废水的生物处理系统出水的氨氮质量浓度难以达到排放标准。为此,采用碱解预处理方法去除废水中的DMF和DMA。借助实验室小试装置优化了过程控制参数,再将此预处理方法运用到某DMF废水处理工程。小试结果表明,在加碱量为n(NaOH)∶n(DMF)=1.2∶1、反应压力为0.04MPa、反应温度为76.0℃、反应时间为60min的条件下,模拟废水的DMF质量浓度由10000mg/L降至35mg/L,DMA质量浓度降至28mg/L。DMF实际废水处理工程结果表明,经碱解预处理后,生物处理系统进水中DMF稳定在1.0mg/L以下,DMA稳定在10mg/L以下,出水氨氮质量浓度降至2.0mg/L以下,生物硝化过程得以恢复。     

厌氧水解-SBR工艺处理高浓度有机废水运行工序的优化

将ASBR反应器和SBR反应器结合组成厌氧水解-SBR工艺用于养猪场废水的处理,ASBR反应器作为厌氧水解反应器,主要完成对有机物的水解,达到初步降解有机物的目的,在反应器每次进水量和排水量不大于其有效容积70%的前提下,研究了ASBR反应器厌氧搅拌段的时间对污水可生化性和对后续SBR脱氮处理效果的影响.结果表明,厌氧搅拌36h的污水既保持了较高的可生化性,出水BOD/COD保持在0.4左右,又能在后续SBR处理中取得较好的脱氮效果,经SBR反应器处理后出水NH₄⁺-N<10mg/L.通过实验分析进一步确定了好氧SBR反应器运行的最佳工序,厌氧水解-SBR运行工序优化后,BOD5的总去除率达到98%以上,NH₄⁺-N去除率达到99%以上,但出水COD_Cr达不到排放标准,经混凝沉淀处理后方能达标排放.     

A Review of the Fate and Effects of Silicones in the Environment

Silicones are well-known useful materials varying in structure, reactivity, and chemical and physical properties, but they all contain a covalent bond between the silicon atom and an organic group. Most common of these polymers are those based on polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) having a siloxane (Si–O–Si) repeat unit and two methyl groups on each silicon atom. All these polymers are manmade, and the organosilicon linkage is not found in nature. It was therefore erroneously assumed that these polymers do not degrade naturally in the environment. It is the purpose of this review to refute this myth and to describe the degradation processes of PDMS in the environment and any potential ecological impact on the terrestrial, aquatic, and atmospheric compartments. Although it was found that minor degradation takes place by hydrolysis of PDMS to dimethylsilandiol followed by oxidation of the methyl group to aldehyde and ultimately to CO₂ by Arthobacter and Fusarium oxysporium schlechtendahl, the major degradation processes are abiotic. High molecular weight PDMS are initially depolymerized by soil hydrolysis of the siloxane bonds to yield organosilanol terminated oligomers. These organosilanols and low molecular weight linear PDMS and cyclics are evaporated into the atmosphere and are oxidized there by hydroxyl radicals to benign silica, water, and CO₂.     

Direct utilization of kitchen waste for bioethanol production by separate hydrolysis and fermentation (SHF) using locally isolated yeast

Kitchen wastes containing high amounts of carbohydrates have potential as low-cost substrates for fermentable sugar production. In this study, enzymatic saccharification of kitchen waste was carried out. Response surface methodology (RSM) was applied to optimize the enzymatic saccharification conditions of kitchen waste. This paper presents analysis of RSM in a predictive model of the combined effects of independent variables (pH, temperature, glucoamylase activity, kitchen waste loading, and hydrolysis time) as the most significant parameters for fermentable sugar production and degree of saccharification. A 100 mL of kitchen waste was hydrolyzed in 250 mL of shake flasks. Quadratic RSM predicted maximum fermentable sugar production of 62.79 g/L and degree of saccharification (59.90%) at the following optimal conditions: pH 5, temperature 60°C, glucoamylase activity of 85 U/mL, and utilized 60 g/L of kitchen waste as a substrate at 10 h hydrolysis time. The verification experiments successfully produced 62.71 ± 0.7 g/L of fermentable sugar with 54.93 ± 0.4% degree of saccharification within 10 h of incubation, indicating that the developed model was successfully used to predict fermentable sugar production at more than 90% accuracy. The sugars produced after hydrolysis of kitchen waste were mainly attributed to monosaccharide: glucose (80%) and fructose (20%). The fermentable sugars obtained were subsequently used as carbon source for bioethanol production by locally isolated yeasts: Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Candida parasilosis, and Lanchancea fermentati. The yeasts were successfully consumed as sugars hydrolysate, and produced the highest ethanol yield ranging from 0.45 to 0.5 g/g and productivity between 0.44 g L^–1 h^–1 and 0.47 g L^–1 h^–1 after 24-h incubation, which was equivalent to 82.06–98.19% of conversion based on theoretical yield.