某些剧毒有机废料在高温至超临界水中的处理实验

为了探索毒害有机废料的处理条件和反应机制,用二氨基乙二肟,氨基氰和蜜胺作初始试料,在温度１５０－４００℃,压力１００－７００×１０＾５Ｐａ的条件下进行了水热实验研究,部分密胺实验还添加了Ｈ２Ｏ２,实验结构表明,在水热条件下,尤其在超临界水中,二氨基乙二肟和氨基氰既可以通过热解作用而聚合成较高分子量的氮杂环混合物,进而水解转化成ＣＯ２和ＮＨ３,也可以直接发生水解作用,生成ＣＯ２和ＮＨ３,添加氧化剂可     

复合裂解高效提取菜油脚—皂脚脂肪酸

为了解决高效提取菜油脚—皂脚脂肪酸的技术关键,显著提高菜油脚—皂脚脂基裂解率和脂肪酸得率,提出水解― 醇解、皂化复合裂解清洁工艺．结果表明,脂基裂解率98％ ,脂肪酸得率96 ％ ,芥酸纯度95 ％ ．最佳工艺条件及其影响显著性程度为：水与菜油脚—皂脚体积比3:1（ 影响显著） ,水解时间12h（ 影响显著） ,水解温度190℃,黑脚醇解－ 皂化时间8h．     

Treatment of anthraquinone dye wastewater by hydrolytic acidification-aerobic process

Experiment on microbial degradation with two kinds of biological process, hydrolytic acidification-aerobic process and aerobic process was conducted to treat the anthraquinone dye wastewater with CODc, concentration of 400 mg/L and chroma 800. The experimental result demonstrated that the hydrolytic-aerobic process could raise the biodegradability of anthraquinone dye wastewater effectively. The effluent CODc, can reach 120-170 mg/L and chroma 150 which is superior to that from simple aerobic process.     

水解酸化法预处理生物制药废水的试验研究

对生物制药废水水解酸化反应器采用接种污泥的方式进行启动,在不断增加进水污染负荷的条件下,40 d 内完成水解酸化反应器的启动。试验研究表明：当水解酸化反应器的水力停留时间为8h 时, COD 去除率可达到34．2％。而且,水中有机氮在水解酸化过程中转化为氨氮,为后续二级生物处理提供了高效去除氨氮的基础。     

稀酸预处理铜藻制备生物乙醇工艺

选取暖温带海洋生态环境生物修复的首选物种——铜藻(Sargassum horneri)为原料进行生物乙醇的制备,以稀硫酸水解后的还原糖收率为响应值,考察水解温度、液固比、水解时间和w(H₂SO₄)等参数对水解效率的影响. 为优化稀酸水解铜藻预处理的工艺条件,在单因素试验的基础上,利用Box-Benhnken中心组合设计法和响应面分析法,建立稀酸预处理工艺参数的回归模型,并与酶水解及发酵相结合验证了铜藻稀酸预处理效果. 结果表明:①稀酸水解铜藻的最优工艺参数. 水解温度为120 ℃,液固比为20∶1,水解时间为2.00 h,w(H₂SO₄)为4.50%. ②稀酸水解铜藻过程中各影响因素之间存在交互作用,水解时间和w(H₂SO₄)的非线性作用显著. ③对经最佳稀酸预处理工艺处理后的铜藻粉进行酶水解,其还原糖收率为44.05%,是未预处理下的8.14倍,并且后续进行发酵后,乙醇产率达7.80%,是未预处理下的2.00倍. 表明铜藻是一种潜在的生物乙醇原料,稀酸预处理方法对铜藻生物乙醇的制备行之有效.      

Hydrolysis of a model surfactant as measured using ACYL coenzyme a synthetase

Hydrolysis of a model nonionic surfactant, [1‐¹⁴C]methyl palmitate, was compared between porcine esterase and lipase using a new hydrolase assay. The assay incorporates acyl coenzyme A (CoA) synthetase to convert the hydrolytic product of methyl palmitate, palmitic acid, to its acyl CoA derivative; palmitoyl CoA is separated from unreacted substrate for quantitation by a highly efficient extraction. The assay achieves quantitative separation between product and substrate due to the high water solubility of the acyl CoA derivative, eliminating the need for time‐consuming chromatographic separations. After 60 min under optimal conditions, only 20 U/mL porcine hepatic esterase hydrolyzed 93.6+0.9% of 20μM methyl palmitate, while 100U/mL porcine pancreatic lipase was required to hydrolyze only 82.3 ±0.7% of the same substrate. While both enzymes detoxified the surfactant, esterase was more efficient, possibly indicating preferential specificity for simple monoesters; generally selective for endogenous triacylglycerols, lipase may be less specific for surfactants. However, together both enzymes may enable mammals to hydrolyze ingested nonionic surfactants from oil spill dispersants, reducing their toxicity.     

丁虫腈在环境中的降解特性

采用室内模拟试验研究丁虫腈在水体中的光解、水解及其在3种不同类型土壤中的降解特性。结果表明,丁虫腈在酸性和中性条件下比较稳定,不易水解,而在碱性条件下水解较快,在50℃、pH值为9．0的缓冲溶液中降解半衰期为26．7d。通过对水解产物的鉴定,推断丁虫腈的水解机理为碱催化水解。在[光]照度为2500lx、紫外强度为25I．LW·cm-2的人工光源氙灯条件下,丁虫腈的降解半衰期为1．5h,主要降解产物为氟虫腈。丁虫腈在太湖水稻土、江西红壤和陕西潮土中培养180d后均未发生明显降解,表明该农药在土壤中较难降解。     

Enhancement of anaerobic biodegradability of flower stem wastes with vegetable wastes by co-hydrolysis

The vegetable wastes and flower stems were co-digested to evaluate the anaerobic hydrolysis performance of difficultly biodegradable organic wastes by introducing readily biodegradable organic wastes. The experiments were carried out in batches. When the vegetable wastes were mixed with the flower stems at the dry weight ratio of 1 to 13, the overall hydrolysis rate increased by 8%, 12%, and 2% according to the carbon, nitrogen, and total solid （TS） conversion rate, respectively. While the dry weight ratio was designed as 1 to 3, there was a respective rise of 5%, 15%, and 4% in the conversion rate of carbon, nitrogen, and TS. The enhancement of anaerobic hydrolysis from the mixed vegetable wastes and flower stems can be attributed to the formation of volatile fatty acids （VFA） and nutrient supplement like nitrogen content. The maximum VFA concentration can achieve 1.7 g/L owing to the rapid acidification of vegetable wastes, loosing the structure of lignocellulose materials. The statistic bivariate analysis revealed that the hydrolysis performance was significantly related to the physical and biochemical compositions of the feeding substrate. Especially, the soluble carbon concentration in the liquid was significantly positively correlated to the concentration of nitrogen and hemicellulose, and negatively correlated to the concentration of carbon and lignocellulose in the feeding substrate, suggesting that the regulation and control of feedstock can have an important influence on the anaerobic hydrolysis of organic wastes.     

不同水解方法对土壤中性糖和氨基糖含量测定的影响

碳水化合物是土壤有机质的重要组成成分,其含量和特性对土壤性质有很大的影响。水解试剂的选择对土壤碳水化合物测定的准确度有着至关重要的影响,文章首次研究了不同水解方法测定土壤中性糖和氨基糖含量的差异。结果表明,中性糖的最佳水解条件为4mol·L-1三氟乙酸(TFA)在105℃下水解4h,氨基糖的最佳水解条件为6mol·L-1HCl在105℃下水解8h。此外文章实现了8种中性糖(核糖、鼠李糖、岩藻糖、阿拉伯糖、木糖、葡萄糖、半乳糖和甘露糖)和4种氨基糖(氨基葡萄糖、氨基半乳糖、氨基甘露糖和胞壁酸)同时在DM-1毛细管气相色谱柱上的基线分离且本方法具有一定的精密度和准确度。该实验的研究将为土壤中性糖和氨基糖的同时分析提供一定的技术支持和理论基础。     

LSH-02G克劳斯尾气加氢催化剂的开发及应用

介绍了LSH-02G克劳斯尾气加氢催化剂的生产工艺及工业应用情况。LSH-02G催化剂具有一定的大孔,可减少CO在催化剂孔道中的停留时间,显著提高催化剂的COS水解率。LSH-02G催化剂工业应用结果表明：装置在80％、100％和110％负荷下运行,各项参数运行正常,急冷水pH稳定在7.8~8.0,急冷塔顶在线氢气含量（φ）维持在1.8%~2.2%,加氢反应器无SO₂穿透。加氢反应器中SO₂加氢转化率均为100％,COS水解率均在92%以上,符合普光天然气净化厂加氢催化剂技术规格书要求（SO₂加氢转化率100％,COS水解率达90%以上）。