绝缘子表面RTV憎水性与其放电的紫外成像结果关系研究

室温硫化硅橡胶(RTV)涂料在运行过程中会逐渐老化,可采用憎水性测量和理化手段分析其老化程度,但无法对运行中的绝缘子进行评估。通过涂污的方式模拟绝缘子表面RTV憎水性的减弱,对绝缘子串加压并用紫外成像仪记录放电过程,研究憎水性与紫外成像结果的关系。分析放电产生的紫外光子数和光斑面积发现,绝缘子串表面RTV憎水性越差,其发生显著放电的电压越低,相同电压下放电程度越剧烈。研究成果为运行中绝缘子RTV憎水性能的评估提供了一种新思路。     

Retention and rainfastness of mancozeb as affected by physicochemical characteristics of adaxial apple leaf surface after enhanced UV-B radiation

It is not clear so far whether alteration of leaf micromorphology and surface wax chemistry due to the impact of environmental factors, such as UV-B radiation, affects retention and rainfastness of applied pesticide solutions. In this study; UV-B treated and untreated adaxial leaf surfaces of apple seedlings (Malus domestica Borkh.) were characterized in terms of chemical composition, micromorphological fine structure, hydrophobicity, and wettability. Furthermore, the retention and rainfastness of applied fungicide mancozeb were studied. The samples were examined 0, 24 and 48 h after ultraviolet (UV)-B radiation (0.022 kW m^{? 2} for 150 min) The total wax mass, recovered from the adaxial leaf surface, amounted from 0.38 μ g cm^{? 2} (control) up to 0.49 μ g cm^{? 2} (24 h). Chemical composition of surface wax altered, whereas the contact angle of applied water droplets on leaf surface of UV-B treated plants did not change significantly compared to the control. The alteration of surface wax quantity and quality significantly affected retention of a.i.; it increased at a sampling time of 24 h after UV-B irradiation, whereas rainfastness of the fungicide spray solution was not significantly influenced.     

Characterization of dissolved organic matter as N-nitrosamine precursors based on hydrophobicity, molecular weight and fluorescence

It is very important to identify the dominant precursors for N-nitrosamine formation from bulk organic matter, to enhance the understanding of N-nitrosamine formation pathways in water treatment plants and allow the development of practical treatment technologies. In this study, dissolved organic matter (DOM) from two source waters was fractionated with XAD resins and ultra- filtration membranes. The N-nitrosamine formation potential (FP) (ng of N-nitrosamines formed per mg of dissolved organic carbon (DOC)) from raw water and each fraction were measured and correlated with the fluorescence excitation-emission matrix (EEM), molecular weight (MW) and other assays. The results showed that the hydrophilic fraction had N-nitrosamine FP 1.3 to 3.5 times higher than the hydrophobic fraction from both source waters. The DOM fraction with low MW was the dominant fraction in these two source waters and contributed more precursors for N-nitrosamine formation than the larger MW fraction. The EEM spectra indicated there were notable amounts of soluble microbial products (SMPs) and aromatic proteins in the two studied rivers, which probably originated from wastewater discharge. The SMPs tended to be more closely correlated with N-nitrosodimethylamine formation potential than the other DOM components. Higher N-nitrosamine FP were also related to fractions with lower DOC/DON ratios and lower SUVA 254 values.     

两株柴油降解菌的性能研究

以0#柴油为惟一碳源,对两株柴油降解菌DS-Ⅰ菌和DS-Ⅲ菌降低液体表面张力的能力、柴油降解动力学及表面活性物质成分进行了研究。实验结果表明:DS-Ⅰ菌和DS-Ⅲ菌在生长过程中均可产生糖脂类生物表面活性物质,使发酵液表面张力降低;在11d的发酵时间内,DS-Ⅰ菌和DS-Ⅲ菌使发酵液中柴油的质量浓度从48.72m g/L分别降至16.64m g/L和9.17m g/L,柴油降解率分别为65.84%和81.18%,柴油降解速率分别为5.16m g/(L.d)和5.96m g/(L.d)。发酵液表面张力的降低与柴油的降解效果有显著的相关性。DS-Ⅲ菌在疏水性、对柴油的生长适应性和柴油降解速率等方面比DS-Ⅰ菌更好。     

胞外多聚物在好氧颗粒化中的作用机理

在上流式反应器中培养好氧颗粒污泥,研究胞外多聚物在好氧颗粒污泥中的作用.结果表明,胞外多聚物有机组成中蛋白质与总糖的比值在颗粒污泥形成过程中增加了近2.5倍,它是影响颗粒污泥形成的重要因素.蛋白质与总糖比值增加,则污泥表面负电荷降低、疏水性增加,有利于好氧颗粒污泥的形成和稳定.     

细菌细胞表面疏水性及在活性污泥中粘附率影响因素研究

以4株小同菌株为对象,研究了培养基类型对细菌细胞表面疏水性的影响,及初始细胞表面疏水性、接触时间等因素与细菌在活性污泥中粘附率的关系.结果表明,培养基类型、培养时间以及菌株的自身特性均会对所培养菌种的表面疏水性产生影响;而初始细胞表面疏水性、接触时间与细菌在活性污泥中的粘附率密切相关.当接触时间较短时(<14 h),初始细胞表面疏水性是影响系统中菌种粘附量的主要因素,且存在某一临界值,当菌种的疏水率低于该值时,菌种粘附量相近,当菌种的疏水率高于该值时,粘附量明显增高,菌种可以迅速粘附到活性污泥中;而当接触时间足够长时(≥38 h),接触时间则成为系统中菌种粘附率的主要影响因素.经预接触,外投高效菌被系统完全吸附后,营养物质的投加或供氧方式的改变均不会引起被吸附菌种的再释放.     

水生植物材料与传统植物材料吸油性能比较

将水生植物材料(凤眼莲叶和茎、大薸叶)作为新型吸油材料,与传统植物材料(水稻秸秆、夏威夷坚果壳、甘蔗渣)的吸油性能进行比较。通过研究各材料的表面结构特征、表面基团特征、吸油能力和表面疏水性,来对比各材料的吸油性能。结果表明:水生植物材料具有较大吸油容量,且其叶子部分疏水性很强,适合作为水上浮油原位处理的吸附剂;水稻秸秆疏水性稍弱,但也是一种良好的水上浮油吸附剂;凤眼莲茎吸水性较强,与夏威夷坚果壳、甘蔗渣一样具有浮力较小、疏水性较弱的特点,但对正己烷的吸附速率非常快,可考虑作为填充滤料处理含油废水。     

鼠李糖脂对微生物降解正十六烷以及细胞表面性质的影响

使用大庆油田石油污染土壤中分离出的优势菌种（蜡状芽孢杆菌DQ01和芽孢杆菌DQ02）,在实验室可控条件下,研究了生物表面活性剂鼠李糖脂对微生物降解正十六烷以及降解菌生长、菌体表面疏水性和外表形态的影响.结果表明,鼠李糖脂可以提高正十六烷的降解率,48 h时蜡状芽孢杆菌DQ01和芽孢杆菌DQ02对正十六烷的降解率比未加鼠李糖脂的体系分别增加了8.1％和11.6％. 正十六烷培养基中的鼠李糖脂能引起菌体表面疏水性的明显增大,且低浓度鼠李糖脂的这种能力明显优于高浓度鼠李糖脂,蜡状芽孢杆菌DQ01和芽孢杆菌DQ02分别在加入0.4 mmol/L和0.2 mmol/L鼠李糖脂时疏水性最大. 尤其是芽孢杆菌DQ02在对数生长后期BATH（bacterial adherence to hydrocarbon）达到44％,远大于未加鼠李糖脂时的BATH. 但在葡萄糖培养基中鼠李糖脂并没有明显影响菌种的生物量和BATH. 另外,加入鼠李糖脂后, 2株菌的培养基接触角比未加鼠李糖脂的培养基接触角均减小了约一半. 未加入鼠李糖脂的菌体细胞表面比较光滑,且菌体之间独立生长,而加入鼠李糖脂后影响了降解菌的外表形态,菌体细胞表面略显粗糙且相互粘连,有助于细胞与疏水性有机物的接触.     

芽孢杆菌与假单胞菌的疏水性及其应用

根据细菌在烃-水两相体系中的细胞数量研究了芽孢杆菌和假单胞菌的表面疏水性及其在不同环境条件下的变化.试验结果显示,正辛醇-水两相体系适用于芽孢杆菌和假单胞菌这类细菌的表面疏水性的研究.细菌表面的疏水性随培养时间,温度和pH值的变化而发生改变.芽孢杆菌和假单胞菌的疏水性与其在水环境中对有机污染物的降解呈一定的相关性.疏水性大的细菌对疏水性有机物的降解速度较疏水性小的细菌快,在其表面的生长速度也更快.探讨了细菌表面的疏水性在养殖生态系统中的生态学意义,为养殖水体有机污染的生物修复提供新的理论基础.