用高效分散剂碳化法从煤矸石中制备超细氢氧化铝粉体

利用煤矸石为原料制备超细氢氧化铝粉体.采用高温煅烧活化煤矸石,利用C2S晶相转变制备煤矸石自粉化料,用8%Na2CO3溶液从煤矸石自粉化料中以NaAlO2形式提取铝组分,用高效分散剂碳化法制备超细氢氧化铝粉体.研究了高效分散剂碳化法制备高纯超细氢氧化铝粉体的影响因素,找出了高效分散剂碳化法制备超细氢氧化铝粉体的最佳条件,制备出了平均粒度＜100nm、纯度＞99.9%的氢氧化铝,为煤矸石的高价值利用开辟了一条新的途径.     

基于炭化痕迹的火灾数值重构及应用

利用试验方法建立了炭化痕迹的数学模型,与火灾流体动力学软件FDS相耦合,实现对炭化痕迹的再现,同时,进行了较为接近真实火灾的火灾场景试验,并用新编译的FDS软件对试验进行重构。结果表明:火势发展变化趋势基本一致;起火后,火场热释放速率迅速上升,100 s左右达到约2750 kW,随后开始下降,直至434 s降到700kW左右,与火势进程基本吻合;试验得到的密度板炭化痕迹未被烧损的区域(横向30.2~86.8 cm、纵向0~18.6 cm)略小于重构得到的密度板炭化痕迹未被烧损的区域(横向33.4~91.6 cm、纵向0~18.9cm),但分布规律基本一致,验证了新编译的FDS软件的有效性。将该软件应用于消防工作,不仅可以作为一种定量方法来描述炭化痕迹的形成过程,还可以通过火场中的炭化痕迹来反推起火点位置,辅助火灾调查工作。     

水热法协同处置不同垃圾焚烧炉飞灰及其机理

生活垃圾焚烧飞灰富含重金属且极易浸出对环境造成污染.通过研究流化床飞灰和炉排炉飞灰的理化特性,将流化床飞灰作为硅铝源,将炉排炉飞灰作为碱激发剂,在无添加剂条件下水热合成水钙铝榴石和雪硅钙石,从而将重金属稳定在晶体中.借助SEM图像分析水热合成机理,以雪硅钙石的晶体结构解释其吸附重金属机理.水热反应后液相中几乎不存在重金属,用重金属浸出率对飞灰浸出毒性进行量化评估,水热反应后的飞灰重金属浸出率相比流化床飞灰均有明显的降低,当水热反应添加的流化床飞灰与炉排炉飞灰的质量比为7：3时,水热后的Cd、Cr、Cu、Pb、Zn的浸出率最低,浸出率分别为0.073%、0.006%、0.107%、0.006%、0.326%.     

Carbon Sequestration by Carbonization of Biomass and Forestation: Three Case Studies

We proposed the carbon sink project called “Carbon Sequestration by Forestation and Carbonization (CFC),” which involves biomass utilization and land conservation by incorporating the products of biomass carbonization into the agents for soil improvement, water purification, etc. Our purpose was to demonstrate the potential of the CFC scheme for carbon sequestration, particularly carbon storage in soil. Case studies were conducted in both developing and developed countries. 1. In southern Sumatra, Indonesia, 88,369 Mg-C year⁻¹ of wood residue from a plantation forest and excess bark from a pulp mill would be converted into 15,571 Mg-C year⁻¹ of the net carbon sink by biochar for soil improvement. The fixed carbon recovery of the system is 21.0%. 2. In a semiarid region in western Australia, the carbonization of wood residue was incorporated with multipurpose projects of a mallee eucalyptus plantation that involved the function of salinity prevention. During the project period of 35 years, the total carbon sink would reach 1,035,450 Mg-C with 14.0% by aboveground biomass, 33.1% by belowground biomass and 52.8% by biochar in soil. 3. In southern Kyushu, Japan, the study was focused on the effective use of surplus heat from a garbage incinerator for carbonizing woody materials. Sawdust of 936.0 Mg-C year⁻¹ would be converted into the net carbon sink of 298.5 Mg-C year⁻¹ by carbonization, with the fixed carbon recovery of the system being 31.9%. Consequently, the CFC project could encourage the creation of a carbon sink in soil. However, we recognize that the quality standard of biochar, the stability of biochar in soil, and the methods for monitoring biochar utilization must be clarified before incorporating biochar carbon into the carbon credit system. Throughout this article (except for diagrams and in citation details) carbonized biomass is, with the authors'agreement, called ‘biochar’ in lieu of the commonly used but misleading word ‘charcoal’ (Editor).     

温和水热法合成钛酸盐纳米管及其对水中重金属离子的吸附研究

采用温和水热法一步快速合成了钛酸盐纳米管(TNTs),并应用于对水中重金属离子Pb(Ⅱ)、Cd(Ⅱ)和Cr(Ⅲ)的吸附.通过选择纳米级锐钛矿替代P25型二氧化钛作为反应原材料,成功将水热反应时间从72 h缩短至6 h.TEM,XRD和FT-IR等表征证实了新合成材料的为管状钛酸盐结构.TNTs对3种重金属离子的吸附动力学均符合准二级动力学方程,吸附等温线均符合Langmuir模型,且对Pb(Ⅱ)、Cd(Ⅱ)和Cr(Ⅲ)的理论最大吸附量分别高达525.58、214.41和69.65 mg·g~(-1).p H=5时,吸附动力学实验表明对于初始浓度分别为200、100和50 mg·L~(-1)的Pb(Ⅱ)、Cd(Ⅱ)和Cr(Ⅲ),在TNTs上的平衡吸附量分别为513.04、212.46和66.35 mg·g~(-1),吸附性能优于传统吸附材料.合成的TNTs结构为三联的[Ti O6]八面体骨架和层间H+/Na+,其吸附机理为金属阳离子与TNTs层间Na+的离子交换.同时,共存离子对吸附的影响实验表明TNTs对重金属离子的吸附存在选择性,即使在较高的共存离子浓度下(10 mmol·L~(-1))TNTs对目标重金属离子的吸附性能依然优异.该研究提供了一种应用钛酸纳米材料高效去除水体重金属离子的方法.     

Scientific Gear as a Vector for Non-Native Species at Deep-Sea Hydrothermal Vents

The fauna of deep-sea hydrothermal vents are among the most isolated and inaccessible biological communities on Earth. Most vent sites can only be visited by subsea vehicles, which can and do move freely among these communities. Researchers assume individuals of the regionally homogeneous vent fauna are killed by the change in hydrostatic pressure the animals experience when the subsea vehicles, which collected them, rise to the surface. After an Alvin dive, we found 38 apparently healthy individuals of a vent limpet in a sample from a hydrothermally inactive area. Prompted by our identification of these specimens as Lepetodrilus gordensis, a species restricted to vents 635 km to the south of our dive site, we tested whether they were from a novel population or were contaminants from the dive made 36 h earlier. The 16S gene sequences, morphology, sex ratio, bacterial colonies, and stable isotopes uniformly indicated the specimens came from the previous dive. We cleaned the sampler, but assumed pressure changes would kill any organisms we did not remove and that the faunas of the 2 areas were nearly identical and disease-free. Our failure to completely clean the gear on the subsea vehicle meant we could have introduced the species and any diseases it carried to a novel location. Our findings suggest that the nearly inaccessible biological communities at deep-sea vents may be vulnerable to anthropogenic alteration, despite their extreme physical conditions.     

SnWO_4可见光催化降解甲基橙研究

采用溶剂热法合成了可见光催化剂SnWO4,以甲基橙溶液为目标污染物,研究了催化剂的用量、溶液的初始浓度、盐效应等因素对光催化降解效果的影响.结果表明,甲基橙溶液初始浓度为20 mg.L-1、催化剂的最佳投加量为1.5 g.L-1,SnWO4的催化活性最好,光照反应90 min对目标污染物的去除率可达99.37%;溶液中...     

废液晶显示器偏光片水热法降解的实验研究

利用管式间歇反应器对废液晶显示器中的偏光片进行水热降解实验研究,考察了反应温度、反应时间、水的用量和氧化剂对液相有机碳和偏光片分解率的影响,并对反应后的液相产物进行HPLC分析。结果表明,反应温度、反应时间和氧化剂的投加量均对偏光片的分解率具有显著影响;液相产物中的TOC随着反应温度、反应时间、用水量和氧化剂投加量的增加都存在一个先增加后减少的趋势,当反应温度为300℃,反应时间为5 min,H2O(230%)的投加量为0.2 mL时,TOC高达14 586 mg/L,此时,偏光片中的碳元素向水相转化的迁移量最多,液相产物中有乙二酸、乳酸、乙酸、马来酸、富马酸、丙烯酸等有机酸以及甘油醛和5-羟甲基-2-糠醛(HMF)生成,最有利于废弃偏光片后续水热资源化处理的开展。     

城市生活垃圾有机物资源化新途径——水热氧化技术新应用

介绍了水热氧化技术的发展历史、原理及特点,提出小热氧化技术应用于城市生活垃圾处理的可行性.     

碳化三聚氰胺海绵制备及其光热重油吸附研究

在氩气气氛下,经高温煅烧三聚氰胺海绵(MS),制备了碳化三聚氰胺海绵(HMS),利用SEM、XPS、FI-IR对HMS的碳化情况进行分析,测定了海绵碳化前后的密度、亲水性、孔隙率、吸收光谱及压缩回弹性能.结果表明,MS部分碳化形成HMS,疏水性增强且亲油性不变,孔隙率略有降低,具有优异的吸光性能及机械性能.HMS海绵对轻质油品和重油吸附实验的结果显示:HMS海绵对轻质油品饱和吸附体积为92.20cm³/g;在一个太阳光(1kW/m²)照射下,HMS海绵温度快速升高,有效降低底面接触的重油粘度并加快吸附重油速度,吸附量高达99.1g/g左右;利用HMS海绵重复对重油进行10次吸附-挤压脱附,发现其对重油的饱和吸附量可保持在81.00 g/g以上.这些特性使得HMS海绵成为一种有前景的高效节能、可重复利用的石油泄漏吸附剂.