电镀污泥水热合成复合铁氧体与回收铜试验研究

以电镀污泥为原料,在温度为200℃、晶化时间为4h的条件下研究水热法合成复合铁氧体.结果表明,通过投加氯化高铁和沉淀剂可将电镀污泥中的Zn、Fe、Cr和Ni固化、稳定在铁氧体晶格之中;X射线衍射分析表明,此复合铁氧体主要为Ni/Zn铁氧体.通过选择NH4HCO3作为沉淀剂,可将电镀污泥中的氢氧化铜络合生成[Cu(NH3)4]2 ,铜萃取率可达80%以上;并可通过调节含铜分离液的pH值在5.4～6.4,生成碱式氯化铜转入固相,铜回收率在98%以上.复合铁氧体的磁性较强,分散性好,粒度分布均匀,且重金属浸出毒性低于美国TCLP(Toxic Characteristic Leaching Procedure)的毒性鉴别标准值.因此,水热法合成复合铁氧体是实现电镀污泥资源化与自净化的有效途径.     

Hydrothermal decomposition of pentachlorophenol in subcritical and supercritical water with sodium hydroxide addition

Hydrothermal decomposition of pentachlorophenol （PCP, C6HC150）, as the probable human carcinogen, was investigated in a tubular reactor under subcritical and supercritical water with sodium hydroxide （NaOH） addition. The experiments were conducted at a temperature range of 30（0-420℃ and a fixed pressure of 25 MPa, with a residence time that ranged from 10 s to 70 s. Under the reaction conditions, the initial PCP concentrations were varied from 0.25 to 1.39 mmol/L, and the NaOH concentrations were varied from 2.5 to 25 times of the concentrations of PCP. The result of this study showed that PCP conversion in supercritical water was highly dependent on the reaction temperature, residence time, and NaOH concentration. PCP conversion in subcritical water is, however, only dependent on reaction temperature. NaOH concentration and residence times were found to have little effect on PCP conversion in subcritical condition. It was found that NaOH concentration affected the dechlorinations of PCP in the supercritical water. The intermediates detected were proposed to be tetrachlorophenol and trichlorophenol, respectively.     

用废旧锌锰电池制备锰锌铁氧体的研究

用水热法以废旧锌锰电池为原料对制备锰锌铁氧体进行了研究。探索了制备过程的影响因素,如水热反应的pH值、水热温度及水热时间等。结果表明,在溶液的pH值为10,水热温度为210℃,水热时间为2～24h时,均能有效制备无杂相的锰锌铁氧体;提高反应温度和延长反应时间,均有利于锰锌铁氧体的晶化过程。研究还发现,加入铁粉是一个既能高效除汞,又能制备高性能锰锌铁氧体的关键所在。      

TiO2/PPY/Fe3O4的水热法制备及其光催化与磁回收性能

以化学氧化法制备的聚吡咯(PPY)包覆Fe3O4复合材料为磁核,用水热反应法(170℃, pH=7±0.2)在其表面负载了纳米Ti02,制成壳/壳/核结构的磁载二氧化钛光催化剂.并用X射线衍射仪(XRD)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、傅里叶红外分光光度计(FT-IR)、振动样品磁强计(VSM)、Zeta电位仪对催化剂的物相组成、形貌、表面性质、磁学性质以及磁核的表面电位进行了表征分析.以初始浓度为25mg/L的苯酚溶液为模拟污染物, 对其进行光催化降解以考察其催化活性;并以自制的磁回收装置考察其磁回收率.结果表明,所制备的Ti02粒径在4~7nm,具有混晶结构,其中锐钛矿占95.2%,金红石占4.8%;PPY对Ti02在磁核表面的负载具有促进作用,TiO2在PPY/Fe3O4表面负载牢固;催化剂TPF(nTiO2:n PPY:nFe3O4 =30:2.1:1)具有良好的壳/壳/核结构,其磁感应强度为40emu/g,具有超顺磁性;所制备的催化剂光催化降解苯酚符合假一级反应动力学方程,其中纯TiO2、P25、TPF反应速率常数K值分别为0.0279、0.0264、0.0252,TPF循环使用5次后K值为0.020,催化活性略有降低,循环使用平均回收率可达到90.35%. 该法制备的磁载Ti02光催化剂具有优良的催化活性和磁回收性能,具有良好的应用前景.     

湿热-离心法分离餐厨废油脂

为了提高餐厨垃圾中废油脂分离回收效率,采用湿热-离心法分离餐厨废油脂,通过试验探讨了加热时间、温度以及离心转速等处理参数对餐厨废油脂分离回收效率的影响;同时,将其与湿热-重力法进行比较,以确定有利于餐厨废油脂分离回收的适宜工艺条件. 结果表明:湿热-离心法较湿热-重力法更有利于餐厨废油脂的分离;随着温度升高和加热时间延长,餐厨垃圾脱油性能呈上升趋势,温度越高,趋势越明显;120 ℃下湿热处理80 min,餐厨垃圾固相内部油脂液化浸出效果最佳,最佳离心转速为2 500 r/min时,餐厨垃圾废油脂分离回收率最高.      

电镀污泥水热利用技术研究

采用连续式水热设备处理电镀污泥并进行重金属的分离纯化,试验研究了水热条件对污泥破解效果的影响.结果表明:每100g污泥加入150mL20%的硫酸溶液,反应温度为250℃,压力为7MPa,反应时间为8min时,电镀污泥毒性降低至一般固体废弃物标准.重金属分离纯化工艺研究表明:硫化沉铜的沉铜剂加入量为理论量的1.25倍,pH=2.0,反应温度为80℃时,沉铜率达98.1%;萃取除锌的有机相浓度为30%,O/A=2,萃取平衡时间为4min时,锌的萃取率达到94%以上;0.50倍理论用量的碳酸钙可有效促进铬镍的富集,铬的回收率达到92%以上,镍的回收率达到88%以上.     

石墨烯/二氧化钛降解亚甲基蓝的研究

以钛酸丁酯和氧化石墨烯为前驱物,通过水热法制备石墨烯/二氧化钛(GR/TiO2)复合光催化剂。采用XRD、TEM和FT-IR等技术手段对GR/TiO2粉体的结构和形貌进行了表征。利用对亚甲基蓝光催化降解,考察了GR/TiO2的光催化降解能力,并研究了H2O2用量和p H等因素对光催化降解速率的影响。结果表明:复合催化剂中,TiO2为锐钛型晶体,粒径为25 nm左右,分散在薄纱状的石墨烯上;复合催化剂通过紫外光下光催化性能有所提高,对可见光产生响应,具有良好的稳定性;加入适量H2O2能提高反应速率,碱性条件下,对亚甲基蓝的降解效率更高。     

不同炭化温度下烧制的竹炭对邻氯酚的吸附

研究了pH、吸附时间、竹炭投加量、邻氯酚初始浓度和吸附温度对不同炭化温度(500℃、700℃和900℃)下烧制的竹炭对邻氯酚的吸附特性的影响.结果表明,低pH值有利于3种竹炭对邻氯酚的吸附,其平衡吸附量均随初始浓度和吸附温度增大而增加,相同条件下,吸附量的大小依次为q900℃q500℃q700℃;500℃和700℃炭化温度下烧制的竹炭对邻氯酚的吸附表现出相似的变化规律,吸附时间为13h时基本达到平衡,而900℃炭化温度下烧制的竹炭的吸附则是一个快速吸附过程,30min内即达到吸附平衡;3种竹炭对邻氯酚的吸附皆是一个吸热过程,实验进行的吸附温度下,其吸附量的大小依次为q40℃q25℃q15℃.     

Hydrothermal treatment of MSWI fly ash for simultaneous dioxins decomposition and heavy metal stabilization

Researches on the hydrothermal treatment of municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) fly ash were conducted to eliminate dioxins and stabilize heavy metals. In order to enhance decomposing polychlorinated dibenzodioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzo-furans (PCDFs) during hydrothermal process, a strong reductant carbohydrazide (CHZ) is introduced. A hydrothermal reactor was set up by mixing raw MSWI fly ash or the pre-treated fly ash with water and then heated to a pre-set temperature; CHZ was spiked into solution according to specially defined dosage. Experimental results showed that under the temperatures of 518 K and 533 K, the decomposition rates of PCDDs/PCDFs were over 80% and 90%, respectively, by total concentration. However, their toxic equivalent (TEQ) decreased only slightly or even increased due to the rising in concentration of congeners 2, 3, 7, 8-TCDD/TCDF, which might be resulted from the highly chlorinated congeners losing their chlorine atoms and being degraded during the hydrothermal process. Better results of TEQ reduction were also obtained under the higher tested temperature of 533 K and reactor with addition of 0.1%wt CHZ was corresponded to the best results. Good stabilization of heavy metals was also obtained in the same hydrothermal process especially when ferrous sulphate was added as auxiliary agent.     

自制Cu-Bi2WO6的表征及其对苯酚的光催化降解

采用水热反应法制备Cu改性的Bi2WO6催化剂(Cu-Bi2WO6).采用XRD仪和紫外-可见光漫反射吸收光谱仪对自制Cu-Bi2WO6的结构进行了表征.考察了光催化降解工艺对Cu-Bi2WO6在可见光下催化氧化降解苯酚效果的影响.实验结果表明:自制Cu-Bi2WO6的吸收边带出现了明显红移,对可见光的利用率较Bi2WO6强;当水热反应pH为0.6时,Cu-Bi2WO6的光催化性能最好;在空气通入量为250 mL/min、Cu-Bi2WO6加入量为1.0 mg/L的条件下,光照反应210 min后苯酚降解率可达92.0％.