银山多金属矿床成矿流体稀土元素地球化学

对江西银山矿床规模不同的矿体、蚀变围岩及其原岩的稀土元素特征进行了对比研究。结果表明 ,成矿流体的稀土元素以轻稀土富集型 ,无Ce异常 ,强烈的Eu正异常而显著地区别于赋矿围岩。热液蚀变作用造成围岩的稀土总量升高 12 .1%～ 5 2 .4%,轻重稀土比值降低 ,但紧邻矿体的稀土含量则低于原岩。导致围岩稀土总量升高有两个因素 :(1)通过热液蚀变作用带入了稀土元素 ;(2 )体系主元素 (Si)质量迁移而造成稀土元素出现表观浓缩。其中以前者为主导因素。矿体的接触带及其紧邻处的蚀变围岩的REE含量明显偏低 ,主要因出现大量石英或石英 +硫化物等矿物的显微脉体 (脉幅 3～ 8μm)而被稀释 ,是一种表观亏损现象。研究结果表明 ,矿体越大 ,其围岩REE被“稀释”越明显 ,涉及的范围越大 ,REE特征可能是一种潜在有效的找矿勘探地球化学指标。     

微波水热合成花球状BiOCl光催化降解甲硝唑

以五水硝酸铋,氯化钾,乙二醇和P123为原料,用微波水热合成法制备出具有花球状的BiOCl.通过优化微波功率,温度和微波保持时间3种因素,发现微波功率为600W,温度为120℃,保持时间为30min时制备的BiOCl在模拟太阳光下对甲硝唑的降解效果最为显著.利用XRD和SEM对制备的BiOCl进行表征,考察了BiOCl的晶体结构和表面特征.同时研究了BiOCl投加量,甲硝唑浓度及pH值对甲硝唑降解的影响.结果表明,当BiOCl的投加量为2g/L,甲硝唑的初始浓度为5mg/L,体系初始pH值为3时,BiOCl对甲硝唑的降解效果达到98.3%.通过自由基捕获剂实验,发现光催化降解甲硝唑反应中的主要活性物种为空穴（h⁺）和过氧自由基（·O₂^-）.     

Facile one-step synthesis of functionalized biochar from sustainable prolifera-green-tide source for enhanced adsorption of copper ions

The use of biochars formed by hydrothermal carbonization for the treatment of contaminated water has been greatly limited,due to their poorly developed porosity and low content of surface functional groups.Also,the most common modification routes inevitably require post-treatment processes,which are time-consuming and energy-wasting.Hence,the objective of this research was to produce a cost-effective biochar with improved performance for the treatment of heavy metal pollution through a facile one-step hydrothermal carbonization process coupled with ammonium phosphate,thiocarbamide,ammonium chloride or urea,without any posttreatment.The effects of various operational parameters,including type of modification reagent,time and temperature of hydrothermal treatment,and ratio of modification reagent to precursor during impregnation,on the copper ion adsorption were examined.The adsorption data fit the Langmuir adsorption isotherm model quite well.The maximum adsorption capacities(mg/g) of the biochars towards copper ions followed the order of 40-8 h-1.0-APBC(95.24) 140-8 h-0-BC(12.52) 140-8 h-1.0-TUBC(12.08) 140-8 h-1.0-ACBC(7.440) 140-8 h-1.0-URBC(5.277).The results indicated that biochars modified with ammonium phosphate displayed excellent adsorption performance toward copper ions,which was 7.6-fold higher than that of the pristine biochar.EDX and FT-IR analyses before and after adsorption demonstrated that the main removal mechanism involved complexation between the phosphate groups on the surface of the modified biochars and copper ions.     

Effect of sulfur source on photocatalytic degradation performance of CdS/MoS2 prepared with one-step hydrothermal synthesis

Cd S/Mo S_2,an extremely efficient photocatalyst,has been extensively used in hydrogen photoproduction and pollutant degradation.Cd S/Mo S_2can be synthesized by a facile one-step hydrothermal process.However,the effect of the sulfur source on the synthesis of Cd S/Mo S_2via one-step hydrothermal methods has seldom been investigated.We report herein a series of one-step hydrothermal preparations of Cd S/Mo S_2using three different sulfur sources:thioacetamide,L-cysteine,and thiourea.The results revealed that the sulfur source strongly affected the crystallization,morphology,elemental composition and ultraviolet(UV)–visible-light-absorption ability of the Cd S/Mo S_2.Among the investigated sulfur sources,thioacetamide provided the highest visible-light absorption ability for Cd S/Mo S_2,with the smallest average particle size and largest surface area,resulting in the highest efficiency in Methylene Blue(MB)degradation.The photocatalytic activity of Cd S/Mo S_2synthesized from the three sulfur sources can be arranged in the following order:thioacetamideL-cysteinethiourea.The reaction rate constants(k)for thioacetamide,L-cysteine,and thiourea were estimated to be 0.0197,0.0140,and 0.0084 min~(-1),respectively.However,thioacetamide may be limited in practical application in terms of its price and toxicity,while L-cysteine is relatively economical,less toxic and exhibited good photocatalytic degradation performance toward MB.     

厨余垃圾水热处理的腐殖化特性研究

以模拟厨余垃圾为对象,考察了水热过程中反应温度、反应时间及无机弱酸对腐殖质形成与转化的影响,总结了腐殖质的生成机理,并通过红外光谱分析进行了验证.实验表明,水热处理后厨余垃圾腐殖化程度明显增高,在205℃、50 min工况下厨余垃圾的腐殖质含量达到39.52%,腐殖化率(胡敏酸与富里酸比值)达到1.31,腐熟度很高.在一定范围内,反应时间和温度升高能提升水热腐殖化强度.加0.01%的硫酸水热处理过后的腐殖质含量比未加酸要略高,而腐殖化率增加更为明显,表明氢离子对水热过程的腐殖质的形成及腐殖化率的提高有一定的促进作用.结合红外光谱分析推测,腐殖质的形成主要来自于一些糖类降解产物的缩合反应,以及这些小分子降解产物同难降解有机物如木质素的聚合反应.     

基于微波热解技术的竹炭、竹醋生产设备研究

基于现有竹炭、竹醋生产工艺流程及工业技术水平,设计了一套具有创新性的竹炭、竹醋生产设备,并给出了设备完整的结构以及包括微波源功率在内的关键制造参数.该设备首次引入微波热解技术代替传统的燃烧加热方法,同时窑炉整体设计遵循节约生产空间、原料充分转化、废气废渣循环处理、热量多级利用、全封闭式生产、自动化控制等节能、环保、高效的思想.此外,在对微波源的设计上依据多源溃能理论,采用以小功率磁控管组合代替大功率磁控管设计,从而大幅降低设备的制造成本,提高微波源的使用寿命及工作稳定性.     

Hydrothermal carbonization of food waste and associated packaging materials for energy source generation

Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) is a thermal conversion technique that converts food wastes and associated packaging materials to a valuable, energy-rich resource. Food waste collected from local restaurants was carbonized over time at different temperatures (225, 250 and 275 °C) and solids concentrations to determine how process conditions influence carbonization product properties and composition. Experiments were also conducted to determine the influence of packaging material on food waste carbonization. Results indicate the majority of initial carbon remains integrated within the solid-phase at the solids concentrations and reaction temperatures evaluated. Initial solids concentration influences carbon distribution because of increased compound solubilization, while changes in reaction temperature imparted little change on carbon distribution. The presence of packaging materials significantly influences the energy content of the recovered solids. As the proportion of packaging materials increase, the energy content of recovered solids decreases because of the low energetic retention associated with the packaging materials. HTC results in net positive energy balances at all conditions, except at a 5% (dry wt.) solids concentration. Carbonization of food waste and associated packaging materials also results in net positive balances, but energy needs for solids post-processing are significant. Advantages associated with carbonization are not fully realized when only evaluating process energetics. A more detailed life cycle assessment is needed for a more complete comparison of processes.     

Ti-MCM-41的微波水热法合成、表征及其催化氧化性质研究

本研究利用微波水热法合成Ti-MCM-41,并采用XRD、FTIR、BET、XPS及TEM等技术对材料进行表征.同时,使用甲基橙溶液作为光催化氧化的对象,对光催化剂的氧化性能进行考察.实验结果表明:利用微波水热法合成Ti-MCM-41,可将合成时间缩短至3 h,能够大大缩减反应时间并节省能源.通过在MCM-41多孔结构中掺杂钛,可明显提高其光催化活性.在酸性溶液中,Ti-MCM-41的催化氧化效率较高.XRD、FTIR、BET、XPS及TEM等表征结果表明,钛成功地掺入到了MCM-41中,并未破坏其多孔有序的结构,Ti-MCM-41同时兼具介孔材料的高比表面积和二氧化钛的光催化性能,有利于在环境污染修复上的应用.     

污泥预植重金属Cu炭化及炭中重金属的稳定性研究

提出一种污泥预植重金属炭化后固定的概念,并以重金属Cu为代表,以CuCl2的形式植入;研究了在不同Cu预植浓度、不同温度下炭化后污泥本身以及额外添加的重金属在炭中的保留率以及稳定特性,同时采用不同的浸出方法,确定与污泥炭最终处置目标相关的最大可预植量.结果表明,在污泥中Cu的预植量为0.5%(质量分数,以Cu元素计)时,经过热解炭化,90%以上的Cu都保留在污泥炭中,其固定效果与温度有关,400℃以上时,炭化温度越高,Cu越容易浸出.在污泥中预植重金属Cu存在最大容量限制,最大可预植量与污泥炭最终处置目标有关,若选择在卫生填埋场进行填埋,则Cu的预植量不宜超过0.5%.本研究提供了一种污泥包裹其他含重金属的废料共炭化实现无害化的新思路,从而达到用污泥治废的效果.     

河南蒲塘、毛堂金矿稀土元素地球化学特征

稀土元素广泛用于岩浆起源、岩浆演化和岩石学领域，用于矿床成因研究和指导找矿只是近几年来的事。笔者通过对河南蒲塘、毛堂金矿不同类型矿石、岩石稀土元素研究，认为在氧化和热液作用下轻稀土元素淋失，重稀土元素相对富集，ΣLREE／ΣHREE比值和ΣREE降低，热液和表生氧化作用对稀土元素的影响是通过斜长石的形成与分解实现的。研究表明，矿化强度与δEu和ΣLRE／ΣHRE有一定的相关关系，这一关系可作为矿床评价的标志之一。