Passive convergence-permeable reactive barrier (PC-PRB): An effective configuration to enhance hydraulic performance

● A novel PRB configuration based on passive convergent flow effect was proposed. ● A 2D finite-difference hydrodynamic model, PRB-Flow, was developed. ● PC-PRB can significantly enhance the hydraulic capture capacity of PRB. ● The PRB geometric dimensions and materials cost are effectively reduced. ● The dominant influential factor of the PC-PRB capture width is pipe length, L_p. A novel permeable reactive barrier (PRB) configuration, the so-called passive convergence-permeable reactive barrier (PC-PRB), is proposed to overcome several shortcomings of traditional PRB configurations, such as high dependency to site hydrogeological characteristics and plume size. The PC-PRB is designed to make the plume converge towards the PRB due to the passive hydraulic decompression-convergent flow effect. The corresponding passive groundwater convergence (PC) system is deployed upstream of the PRB system, which consists of passive wells, water pipes, and a buffer layer. A two-dimensional (2D) finite-difference hydrodynamic code, entitled PRB-Flow, is developed to examine the hydraulic performance parameters (i.e., capture width (W) and residence time (t)) of PC-PRB. It is proved that the horizontal 2D capture width (W_h) and vertical 2D capture depth (W_v) of the PC-PRB remarkably increase compared to that of the continuous reactive barrier (C-PRB). The aforementioned relative growth values in order are greater than 50% and 25% in this case study. Therefore, the PRB geometric dimensions as well as the materials cost required for the same plume treatment lessens. The sensitivity analysis reveals that the dominant factors influencing the hydraulic performance of the PC-PRB are the water pipe length (L_p), PRB length (L_PRB), passive well height (H_w), and PRB height (H_PRB). The discrepancy between the W_h of PC-PRB and that of the C-PRB (i.e., ΔW_h) has a low correlation with PRB parameters and mainly depends on L_p, which could dramatically simplify the PC-PRB design procedure. Generally, the proposed PC-PRB exhibits an effective PRB configuration to enhance hydraulic performance.     

Using a social learning configuration to increase Vietnamese smallholder farmers’ adaptive capacity to respond to climate change

Social learning is crucial for local smallholder farmers in developing countries to improve their adaptive capacity and to adapt to the current and projected impacts of climate change. While it is widely acknowledged that social learning is a necessary condition for adaptation, few studies have systematically investigated under which conditions particular forms of social learning are most successful in improving adaptive capacity of the most vulnerable groups. This study aims to design, implement and evaluate a social learning configuration in a coastal community in Vietnam. We make use of various methods during four workshop-based interventions with local smallholder farmers: interviews with key farmers and commune leaders, farmer-to-farmer learning, participatory observations and focus group discussions. The methods for evaluation of social learning configuration include in-depth interviews, focus group discussions and structured survey interviews. Our findings show that the social learning configuration used in this study leads to an increased problem ownership, an enhanced knowledge-base with regard to climate change impacts and production adaptation options, improved ability to see connections and interdependencies and finally, strengthened relationships and social cohesion. The results suggest that increased social learning in the community leads to increase in adaptive capacity of smallholder farmers and improves both their economic and environmental sustainability. We discuss the key lessons for designing learning configurations that can successfully enhance adaptive capacity and smallholder farmers’ agency and responsiveness to the challenges posed by climate change impacts.     

Ag3PO4/Cu-BiVO4 p-n异质结的制备及其增强可见光催化降解四环素性能

利用水热和原位沉淀法将Ag₃PO₄纳米颗粒负载于Cu²⁺掺杂的单斜相BiVO₄微球上成功制备了Ag₃PO₄/Cu-BiVO₄异质结构, 并作为可见光下高效降解四环素(TC)的光催化剂.通过XRD、SEM、TEM、XPS、FTIR、UV-Vis DRS、PL和EIS等手段对样品进行了表征.结果表明, Cu²⁺和Ag₃PO₄纳米颗粒的修饰增加了比表面积和可见光响应性能, 为催化反应提供更多的异质结界面活性点位.铋(Bi)/银(Ag)物质的量比为2:1的Ag₃PO₄/Cu-BiVO₄催化剂在120min内对TC (20mg/L)显示出最高的光催化性能(91.68%), 5次连续循环后降解率保持86.1%, 表现出优异的光催化活性和稳定性.结合捕获实验和电子自旋共振(ESR)光谱证实h⁺和·O₂^-为主要活性物种.光催化活性的增强主要归因于Cu-BiVO₄和Ag₃PO₄间p-n异质结构的形成和Cu²⁺掺杂的能带调控作用, 有效提高了光催化反应过程中载流子的分离和迁移效率.     

Eu掺杂ZnO光催化剂降解垃圾渗滤液实验研究

以醋酸锌(Zn(CH3COO)2)、六水合硝酸铕(Eu(NO3)3·6H2O)、氢氧化钠(Na OH)、聚乙二醇(PEG2000)、柠檬酸为主要原料,采用水热法制备Eu掺杂Zn O复合纳米棒光催化材料粉体。用制备的粉体对城市垃圾渗滤液进行光催化降解实验,研究了反应温度、反应时间、光照条件、掺杂比对其光催化氧化效果的影响,用XRD、TEM、EDS等测试手段对粉体进行了表征。研究结果表明,水热反应温度160℃,时间为6 h,制备的3%Eu掺杂Zn O复合纳米棒的光催化效果较好,在365 nm紫外灯照射下,150 min后垃圾渗滤液的脱色率达40%,COD降解率达62%。     

污泥焚烧残渣水热合成NaPl型沸石和水钙沸石的性质研究

本文以污泥焚烧残渣为原料,以传统水热合成方法制得NaPl型沸石和水钙沸石,并对其相关指标进行表征．经x射线衍射、扫描电镜和红外光谱测定表明,制得的产物为无其它杂晶生成的NaPl型沸石和水钙沸石,且具有放射束片状晶体形貌和沸石骨架结构．与原污泥焚烧残渣相比,合成沸石的比表面积和阳离子交换容量提高了47倍、17倍,分别达到...     

镧改性净水污泥水热炭对水体中磷的吸附特性及底泥内源磷的固定

以净水污泥和氯化镧为原料,通过一步水热炭化同时负载镧,制备了镧改性净水污泥水热炭.采用SEM-EDS、 BET、 FTIR、 XRD和XPS对材料进行表征,考察溶液初始pH、吸附时间、吸附等温线和吸附动力学等,研究其对水体磷酸盐的吸附特性.结果表明,制备的材料相比净水污泥原泥,比表面积和孔容孔径有明显提高,磷吸附量大幅提升.吸附过程符合准二级动力学模型,Langmuir模型拟合对磷的最大吸附量达到72.69 mg·g^-1.主要吸附机制为静电引力和配体交换.镧改性净水污泥水热炭添加入底泥,可以有效控制底泥内源磷向上覆水的释放.分析底泥磷形态,水热炭的添加促使底泥中不稳定的NH₄Cl-P、 BD-P和Org-P向非常稳定的HCl-P转变,降低了底泥中潜在活性磷含量,同时也大幅降低了底泥中生物有效磷含量.说明镧改性净水污泥水热炭可以有效吸附去除水体磷酸盐,同时也可作为底泥改良材料,有效稳定底泥内源磷,控制水体磷含量.     

城市道路隔离带绿化模式对人行道空气质量的影响评价

探讨城市道路绿化隔离带对于污染物的阻滞效应,以减少城市道路污染向两侧横向扩散,保护道路行人免受来自机动车道污染物的伤害具有重要的现实意义.因此,本研究在太原市区选择16条主干道(28个监测样点),以4种绿化植物配置模式(乔木+灌木+低绿篱、乔木+低绿篱、乔木、低绿篱)为研究对象,在无风或者微风(风速小于2 m·s-1)条件下对SO2、NOx、TSP和PM10等5种污染物进行现场监测.研究结果表明,城市道路绿化隔离带对于控制机动车道的主要污染物向非机动车道的扩散具有明显作用,绿化隔离带的植物模式差异会影响绿化带吸附和阻隔污染物能力的强弱.在此基础上,通过构建一个新的评价指标来比较各个模式在阻滞污染物方面的能力.结果显示,与其他模式相比,低绿篱模式和乔木+灌木+低绿篱模式分别对NH3和PM10具有更高的降低能力.对于SO2、NH3、NOx等气态污染物,以乔木(T)为配置模式的绿化带效果最佳,而对于TSP、PM10等颗粒污染物,乔木+灌木+低绿篱(TSH)模式的阻滞净效应最高.新评价指标能够准确定量评价绿化带植物对污染物阻滞效应能力的大小,具有较好的应用性.     

天津市典型生物质固体燃料锅炉NO、CO排放研究

针对实际运行条件下,国内生物质固体燃料燃烧过程中NO、CO排放研究不足,排放现状不清晰等问题,在天津地区选择了6台具有代表性的生物质固体燃料锅炉,在测试中燃烧其常用燃料,采用烟气分析仪Testo350对锅炉展开了气态排放研究,重点研究了其中5台生物质固体成型燃料锅炉在不同燃烧负荷下,NO和CO的排放情况,以及另1台捆烧式锅炉在正常工况下的排放情况。测试结果表明:6台生物质锅炉的NO排放浓度均在180 mg/m~3以上,CO排放浓度均高于500 mg/m~3。其中,3台炉型的固体成型燃料锅炉随着燃烧负荷的增大,NO排放浓度降低CO浓度升高,燃烧负荷控制在75%~80%可相对减少气态污染物NO、CO的排放,其余2台炉型NO、CO排放浓度随燃烧负荷的增大变化趋势与前3台相反,且燃烧负荷控制在95%左右为优;捆烧式锅炉NO排放浓度最低为182.9 mg/m~3,但CO排放浓度却高达2 243.6 mg/m~3。研究结果可为用生物质固体燃料锅炉的实际运行提供参考,从而优化生物质固态燃料的燃烧和排放。     

硅胶负载TiO_2催化剂的制备与光催化效果

以硫酸钛为前驱体,尿素为沉淀剂,粗孔微球硅胶为载体,采用水热法在160℃下制备硅胶负载TiO_2(TiO_2/硅胶)光催化剂。通过调节TiO_2含量(15%、30%、40%、55%、70%、85%)和水热时间(2,3,4,5,6 h)制备TiO_2/硅胶光催化剂,并考察了材料的晶体结构、比表面积、TiO_2负载量以及光催化降解腐殖酸性能。结果表明:TiO_2理论投加量为70%,水热时间为5 h时,制备所得的TiO_2/硅胶光催化剂具有最优的光催化活性,此时制备的催化剂为锐钛矿型,比表面积为434.829 m~2/g,TiO_2负载量为37.50%。当使用该催化剂投加量为4 g/L、腐殖酸初始浓度为20 mg/L时,腐殖酸降解率最高,为76.5%,降解过程符合一级反应动力学。催化剂经重复4次使用后,仍具有较好的光催化稳定性。     

可控合成La（OH）3纳米球光催化去除NO及其催化性能机制研究

以KOH和La(NO3)3·6H2O为前驱体,柠檬酸为保护剂,采用一步水热法合成三维La(OH)3纳米球光催化剂.通过XRD、SEM、PL和UV-vis DRS等对样品进行结构表征.结果表明,柠檬酸的加入量对La(OH)3的形貌均匀性和催化活性均有较大影响.柠檬酸和La(NO3)3·6H2O的物质的量的比为2∶1时,得到的样品为形貌均匀的纳米球,光催化活性最佳且稳定性好.这是因为三维的纳米球结构更容易促进光生载流子的分离;此外,形貌均匀无团聚,增加了催化剂表面的活性位点,使反应过程中反应物和中间产物迅速扩散,从而光催化活性最高.在光催化过程中,羟基自由基(·OH)和超氧自由基(·O-2)是最主要的氧化物种.NO可以和产生的·OH和·O-2反应生成HNO2和HNO3,从而去除NO.本文研究结果充实了La(OH)3光催化材料的合成基础理论,探讨了La(OH)3光催化活性机理,为La(OH)3应用打开了新的视野.