北京市不同主干道绿地群落对大气PM2.5浓度消减作用的影响

为研究城市道路两侧不同绿化带宽度及不同植物群落配置模式对消减大气中PM2.5浓度的作用,选择北京市四环主干道旁3种典型植物群落配置类型作为试验监测点,对0 m、6 m、16 m、26 m、36 m不同绿带宽度下PM2.5浓度分布与变化进行监测,并对其消减能力进行计算,分析PM2.5浓度变化与道路车流量、绿化带宽度及植物群落配置模式之间的关系。结果表明：（1）PM2.5浓度的日变化与车流量的日变化特征一致,道路绿地空气中PM2.5浓度的日变化呈现双峰单谷型特征,即早晚高、白天低,PM2.5浓度在8：00-10：00的交通早高峰期间增加,而后开始下降,到12：00-14：00左右达到最低值,之后呈持续上升状态,直至晚高峰19：00浓度达一天中的最大值。（2）不同植物群落配置模式对大气中PM2.5浓度的消减作用不同,群落内郁闭度高的多复层结构绿地对PM2.5消减作用优于郁闭度低的单层配置绿地模式;（3）分别对3类空气质量条件下,道路绿地对PM2.5消减作用进行评价。无污染或轻度污染（PM2.5〈100μg·m-3）环境下,绿地对PM2.5消减作用明显,26 m及36 m的绿带处消减作用最强,最高可达12.22%;中度污染（101μg·m-3201μg·m-3）天气条件下3种绿地对PM2.5的消减作用均不明显。     

电镀污泥水热利用技术研究

采用连续式水热设备处理电镀污泥并进行重金属的分离纯化,试验研究了水热条件对污泥破解效果的影响.结果表明:每100g污泥加入150mL20%的硫酸溶液,反应温度为250℃,压力为7MPa,反应时间为8min时,电镀污泥毒性降低至一般固体废弃物标准.重金属分离纯化工艺研究表明:硫化沉铜的沉铜剂加入量为理论量的1.25倍,pH=2.0,反应温度为80℃时,沉铜率达98.1%;萃取除锌的有机相浓度为30%,O/A=2,萃取平衡时间为4min时,锌的萃取率达到94%以上;0.50倍理论用量的碳酸钙可有效促进铬镍的富集,铬的回收率达到92%以上,镍的回收率达到88%以上.     

Land system architecture for urban sustainability: new directions for land system science illustrated by application to the urban heat island problem

ABSTRACT

Land system science (LSS) has expanded its research focus from the drivers of land-use and -cover change primarily in rural wildlands to include the social-environmental consequences of this change, urban areas, and sustainability practice. Land system architecture, interacting with the landscape mosaic approach in ecology, offers a special niche for the entry of rural areas and wildlands into urban sustainability research through examinations of the composition and configuration of ‘cityscapes’. Given the fine-grain data requirements of heterogeneous cityscapes, emergent land architecture-mosaic approaches have largely explored the urban heat island (UHI) problem, a topic that links LSS with the interests of urban climatology, engineering, and planning in city morphology or geometry. The subtle distinctions in the treatment of land configuration between land architecture-mosaic approaches and urban morphology-geometry approaches are identified. Several examples of the land architecture-mosaic approach illustrate the understanding gained about the UHI problem as well as its complementarity with morphology-geometry approaches. This understanding provides insights about the design of urban areas at the parcel to neighborhood scales to ameliorate extreme temperatures, an issue of increasing concern for urban areas worldwide and consistent with the sustainability problems identified by such international programs as Future Earth.     

石墨烯/二氧化钛降解亚甲基蓝的研究

以钛酸丁酯和氧化石墨烯为前驱物,通过水热法制备石墨烯/二氧化钛(GR/TiO2)复合光催化剂。采用XRD、TEM和FT-IR等技术手段对GR/TiO2粉体的结构和形貌进行了表征。利用对亚甲基蓝光催化降解,考察了GR/TiO2的光催化降解能力,并研究了H2O2用量和p H等因素对光催化降解速率的影响。结果表明:复合催化剂中,TiO2为锐钛型晶体,粒径为25 nm左右,分散在薄纱状的石墨烯上;复合催化剂通过紫外光下光催化性能有所提高,对可见光产生响应,具有良好的稳定性;加入适量H2O2能提高反应速率,碱性条件下,对亚甲基蓝的降解效率更高。     

Hydrothermal treatment of MSWI fly ash for simultaneous dioxins decomposition and heavy metal stabilization

Researches on the hydrothermal treatment of municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) fly ash were conducted to eliminate dioxins and stabilize heavy metals. In order to enhance decomposing polychlorinated dibenzodioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzo-furans (PCDFs) during hydrothermal process, a strong reductant carbohydrazide (CHZ) is introduced. A hydrothermal reactor was set up by mixing raw MSWI fly ash or the pre-treated fly ash with water and then heated to a pre-set temperature; CHZ was spiked into solution according to specially defined dosage. Experimental results showed that under the temperatures of 518 K and 533 K, the decomposition rates of PCDDs/PCDFs were over 80% and 90%, respectively, by total concentration. However, their toxic equivalent (TEQ) decreased only slightly or even increased due to the rising in concentration of congeners 2, 3, 7, 8-TCDD/TCDF, which might be resulted from the highly chlorinated congeners losing their chlorine atoms and being degraded during the hydrothermal process. Better results of TEQ reduction were also obtained under the higher tested temperature of 533 K and reactor with addition of 0.1%wt CHZ was corresponded to the best results. Good stabilization of heavy metals was also obtained in the same hydrothermal process especially when ferrous sulphate was added as auxiliary agent.     

自制Cu-Bi2WO6的表征及其对苯酚的光催化降解

采用水热反应法制备Cu改性的Bi2WO6催化剂(Cu-Bi2WO6).采用XRD仪和紫外-可见光漫反射吸收光谱仪对自制Cu-Bi2WO6的结构进行了表征.考察了光催化降解工艺对Cu-Bi2WO6在可见光下催化氧化降解苯酚效果的影响.实验结果表明:自制Cu-Bi2WO6的吸收边带出现了明显红移,对可见光的利用率较Bi2WO6强;当水热反应pH为0.6时,Cu-Bi2WO6的光催化性能最好;在空气通入量为250 mL/min、Cu-Bi2WO6加入量为1.0 mg/L的条件下,光照反应210 min后苯酚降解率可达92.0％.     

火电厂烟塔合一和烟囱排放大气环境影响比较——以宝鸡第二发电厂为例

以宝鸡第二发电厂间接空冷机组为例,分别采用德国AUSTAL2000大气预测模式与美国AERMOD大气预测模式,对烟塔合一和烟囱两种排放方式的大气环境影响进行分析预测,并分析了地形因素对预测结果的影响。通过对比分析得知,烟塔合一排放的地面浓度分布较分散,而烟囱排放造成的地面浓度分布较集中。考虑地形影响时采用AUSTAL2000计算的烟塔合一地面浓度比AERMOD计算的烟囱小,不考虑地形时则反之。     

Modification of FGD gypsum in hydrothermal mixed salt solution

A novel utilization way of the sludge from wet calcium-based flue gas desulfurization （FGD） processes has been developed in this paper. This study focused on the conversion of the FGD gypsum into α-hemihydrate calcium sulfate by a hydrothermal salt solution method at atmospheric pressure. Experimental study has been carried out in a batch reactor. Qualitative and quantitative analyses were made by DSC/TG thermal analysis, SEM, XRD, metalloscope and chemical analysis. The experimental results showed that the modification of FGD gypsum was controlled by the dissolution and recrystallization mechanisms. With the introduction of FGD gypsum the salt solution was supersaturated, then crystal nucleus of α-hemihydrate calcium sulfate were produced in the solution. With the submicroscopic structure of FGD gypsum crystal changed, the crystal nucleus grew up into α-hemihydrate calcium sulfate crystals. Thus ,the modification of FGD gypsum was fulfilled.     

中国中部高山湖泊记录的小冰期水热配置不同模态

小冰期水热配置模态在中国南北方存在明显差异,敏感响应于气候变化的高山湖泊在小冰期阶段水热变化模式仍缺乏研究。选取中国中部两个高山湖泊——太白山玉皇池与六盘山东海子的沉积物岩心为研究对象,基于总有机碳（TOC）、总有机氮（TN）,碳氮比（C/N）等地球化学指标,并结合已发表的水文数据,重建了东海子和玉皇池近2 ka来的水热变化模态。结果显示：近2 ka气候变化主要受太阳辐射影响,在900 AD之前,两个湖泊区域气候同为冷湿,中世纪暖期（900—1300 AD）转为暖干;在小冰期（1300—1800 AD）时期水热组合不同,东海子降水与温度呈同步下降趋势,主要受控于东亚夏季风,而处于东海子东南方向的玉皇池表现为降水的持续增加,可能受加强的印度季风和厄尔尼诺-南方涛动（ENSO）的共同影响。     

纤维素废弃物水热处理制H2的研究进展

水热处理为纤维素废弃物资源化应用开辟了一条新的途径,文中就水热处理技术的特点、水热条件下纤维素的降解过程进行了介绍,并着重综述了纤维素废弃物水热制H2方面的研究进展,同时对纤维素及其废弃物的水热处理和资源化研究前景进行了展望.