Material conversion from paper sludge ash in NaOH solution to synthesize adsorbent for removal of Pb^2＋, NH^4＋ and PO4^3- from aqueous solution

Material conversion from paper sludge ash (PSA) in NaOH solution was attempted to synthesize the adsorbent for removal of inorganic pollutants, such as Pb2+, NH4 + and PO4 3?? from aqueous solution. PSA of 0.5 g was added into 10 mL of 3 mol/L NaOH solution, and then heated at 80, 120, and 160°C for 6–48 hr to obtain the product. PSA mainly composed of two crystalline phases, gehlenite (Ca2Al2SiO7) and anorthite (CaAl2Si2O8), and amorphous phase. Hydroxysodalite (Na6Al6Si6O24 8H2O) was formed at 80°C, and anorthite dissolved, whereas gehlenite remained una ected. Katoite (Ca3Al2SiO4(OH)8) was formed over 120°C, and hydroxycancrinite (Na8(OH)2Al6Si6O24 2H2O) was formed at 160°C, due to the dissolution of both gehlenite and anorthite. Specific surface areas of the products were almost same and were higher than that of raw ash. Cation exchange capacities (CECs) of the products were also higher than that of raw ash, and CEC obtained at lower temperature was higher. Removal abilities of products for Pb2+, NH4 +, and PO4 3?? were higher than that of raw ash.With increasing reaction temperature, the removal e ciencies of Pb2+ and NH4 + decreased due to the decrease of CEC of the product, while removal e ciency for PO4 3?? was almost same. The concentrations of Si and Al in the solution and the crystalline phases in the solid during the reaction explain the formation of the product phases at each temperature.     

Co3O4纳米棒的制备及其对气相甲苯的催化氧化

采用低温水热法制备棒状纳米结构的Co3O4,通过加入少量的表面活性剂（聚乙烯吡咯烷酮简称PVP）,在95℃下低温反应,并调控制备过程的老化时间、溶液的pH这2个因素合成了棒状Co3O4纳米结构.X射线衍射（XRD）、透射电镜（TEM）表明制得的是呈立方晶体的Co3O4纳米棒,氢气程序升温还原（H2-TPR）、N2吸附脱附等表征手段表明老化时间和pH会影响Co3 O4纳米棒的尺寸、孔隙结构,进而影响其比表面积大小.采用气相甲苯作为目标物,运用气相色谱（GC）对Co3 O4的催化性能进行研究.结果表明在该实验中,调控老化时间和pH制得的Co3O4纳米棒只影响其低温降解效果,在温度低于260℃,活性最好的是pH=9,老化时间为12 h的催化剂;当温度高于260℃后,其降解曲线基本一致.     

Hydrothermal fabrication and visible-light-driven photocatalytic properties of bismuth vanadate with multiple morphologies and/or porous structures for Methyl Orange degradation

Monoclinic BiVO₄ with multiple morphologies and/or porous structures were fabricated using the hydrothermal strategy. The materials were characterized by means of the XRD, Raman, TGA/DSC, SEM, XPS, and UV-Vis techniques. The photocatalytic activities of the BiVO₄ materials were evaluated for the degradation of Methyl Orange under visible-light irradiation. It is observed that pH value and surfactant exerted a great effect on the morphology and pore structure of the BiVO₄ product. Spherical BiVO₄ with porous structures, flower-cluster-like BiVO₄, and flower-bundle-like BiVO₄ were generated hydrothermally at 100℃ with poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP) and urea (pH = 2) and at 160℃ with NaHCO₃ (pH = 7 and 8), respectively. The PVP-derived BiVO₄ showed much higher surface areas (5.0-8.4 m²/g) and narrower bandgap energies (2.45-2.49 eV). The best photocatalytic performance of the spherical BiVO₄ material with a surface area of 8.4 m²/g was associated with its higher surface area, narrower bandgap energy, higher surface oxygen vacancy density, and unique porous architecture.     

大粒径厨余垃圾水热碳化制备炭燃料

开展了不同温度条件（150～300℃）下大粒径（>2 cm）厨余垃圾水热碳化实验,研究了水热炭的理化性质、燃烧特性和关键元素迁移规律.实验结果表明,当水热温度过低,厨余垃圾颗粒尺寸影响水热碳化效果;大粒径厨余垃圾碳化需更高的水热温度;水热温度250～300℃产生的水热炭具有高热值(24.48～26.9 MJ·kg^-1)、高燃料比（0.44～0.56）、高含碳量（59.6%～65.6%）和低含灰量（8.51%～4.35%）的特点.随着水热温度提高,水热炭中碳含量升高、灰含量下降;水热炭的着火温度、燃烬温度、挥发分释放特性指数VI、可燃性指数CI和综合燃烧特性指数CP均上升,提高了燃烧稳定性;同时水热炭中K、Na浓度降低,有利于降低水热炭燃烧结焦;N、S在水热炭中分布比例下降,这将减少水热炭燃烧的烟气污染物排放.因此,水热碳化能实现大粒径厨余垃圾的燃料化利用.     

Green synthesis and characterization of metal ions-mixed titania for application in dye-sensitized solar cells

Abstract

The objective of the present study is to synthesize various metal ions mixed TiO₂ nanoparticles using a continuous hydrothermal synthesis pilot reactor for dye-sensitized solar cells (DSCs). In the pilot plant, aqueous solutions of the metal salts are mixed with a flow of supercritical water (450?°C and 24.1?MPa) in a confined jet mixer for continuous synthesis of metal ions-mixed nano-titania. Characterization of the particles was made using Brunauer–Emmett–Teller technique for specific surface area, powder X-ray diffraction analysis and transmission electron microscopy for identification and crystallite size, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy for surface analysis and infrared spectroscopy for distinct group identification. Following the already existing procedures and using the titanates synthesized, dye-sensitized cells of 1?cm² area were assembled and their photovoltaic parameters were evaluated under standard test conditions. The power conversion efficiencies (η %) for 40?mol % Zn²⁺, 5?mol % Zr⁴⁺ and 10?mol % Zn⁴⁺ titania were obtained to be 4.8, 4.95 and 4.9, respectively. The promising efficiency results from a greener and large-scale production of nano-titania is a step forward towards commercializing DSC technology.     

Bi_2MoO_6可见光催化去除4BS染料实验研究

以Bi(NO_3)_3·5H_2O和(NH_4)_6M_o7O_(24)·4H_20为原料,采用预超声-水热法合成可见光催化剂Bi_2MoO_6,考察了在可见光催化条件下,催化剂的用量、污染物初始浓度、溶液pH值等因素对偶氮染料直接耐酸大红4BS去除效果的影响.结果表明,4Bs溶液初始浓度为20mg·l~(-1)、原始pH值6.90条件下,催化剂的最佳投加量为2g·l~(-1),光照60min后,4BS去除率达到92.7%;在实验浓度20-100mg·l~(-1)的范围内,催化剂投加量为2.0g·l~(-1),光照210min后染料去除量最大可达到约50mg·l~(-1),溶液在弱酸或弱碱性条件下脱色较为稳定,在强酸或强碱性条件下脱色较快,效果明显;催化剂重复使用前后结构和成分稳定,但光催化活性有所下降.     

基于氮掺杂碳量子点的制备及其对Hg2+的响应

以乙二胺和抗坏血酸为原料,通过一步水热法制备了水溶性的氮掺杂碳量子点(N-CQDs).研究了N-CQDs的形貌特征、光学性能和应用分析.表征结果说明,N-CQDs形态为均匀分散的球形,有明显的晶格条纹,抗光漂白性能良好,表面富有含氧官能团,具有良好的水溶性.此外发现N-CQDs还具有优良的荧光性能和荧光稳定性,量子产率可以高达12.29%.分析得出,Hg²⁺对N-CQDs在1.0—120μmol·L^-1范围内有一定的猝灭效应,可作为Hg²⁺的荧光探针,检出限达230 nmol·L^-1.     

Promotional effect of ion-exchanged K on the low-temperature hydrothermal stability of Cu/SAPO-34 and its synergic application with Fe/Beta catalysts

• K⁺ hinder the structural degradation of Cu/SAPO-34 under humid condition<100°C. • K⁺ on Cu/SAPO-34 brings lower acidity and inferior SCR activity at high temperature. • Fe/Beta was used to compensate the low activity of Cu/SAPO-34 at high temperature. • The hybrid catalysts with KCu/SAPO-34 and Fe/Beta show a great potential for using. K ions were introduced onto Cu/SAPO-34 catalysts via the ion-exchange process in order to improve their stability under low-temperature hydrothermal aging. The changes in structure and copper-species contents of these catalysts upon hydrothermal aging were probed in order to investigate their effects on selective catalytic reduction (SCR) activity. For the fresh Cu/SAPO-34 catalysts, K ions had little influence on the chabazite framework but effected their acidities by exchanging with acid sites. After hydrothermal aging, the structural integrity and amount of active sites decreased on pure Cu/SAPO-34. While the K-loaded catalysts showed improved chabazite structure, acidity, and active site conservation with increasing K loading. However, although the 0.7 wt% K catalyst maintained the same crystallinity, active site abundance, and low-temperature SCR activity as the fresh catalyst upon aging, an apparent decrease in SCR activity at high temperature was observed because of the inevitable decrease in the number of Brönsted acid sites. To compensate for the activity disadvantage of K-loaded Cu/SAPO-34 at high temperature, Fe/Beta catalysts were co-employed with K-loaded Cu/SAPO-34, and a wide active temperature window of SCR activity was obtained. Thus, our study reveals that a combined system comprising Fe/Beta and K-loaded Cu/SAPO-34 catalysts shows promise for the elimination of NO_x in real-world applications.     

水热炭化对吸附处理染料废水产生的废活性炭的再生效果

为实现废粉末活性炭的循环利用,采用水热炭化对吸附处理染料废水产生的废粉末活性炭进行再生,考察了水热炭化再生温度、再生时间、初始pH和再生次数等因素对废粉末活性炭再生效果的影响.结果表明:将320℃的水热条件下反应8 h得到的再生粉末活性炭用于吸附处理染料废水,色度去除率在95%左右,废粉末活性炭再生率可超过60%,且酸性条件下更有利于活性炭再生.经过5次吸附再生循环,废粉末活性炭再生率为55.54%,再生率仅下降6.06%.红外光谱分析结果表明,新粉末活性炭、废粉末活性炭和再生粉末活性炭的官能团种类基本一致;表面官能团Boehm滴定测定结果显示,再生粉末活性炭表面碱性基团含量降低、酸性基团含量增加.由于升温改变了废粉末活性炭的吸附平衡,有机物从其表面脱附,部分有机物在再生液中降解;此外,废粉末活性炭表面不易挥发和脱附的有机物在高温高压下炭化所得的产物能进一步吸附有机物,因此导致了废粉末活性炭的再生.研究显示,水热炭化对废粉末活性炭有较好的再生效果,具有实际应用价值.      

褐煤脱水及水质净化研究

为实现褐煤提质并缓解褐煤产区缺水现状,采用微波及水热脱水方法对褐煤进行脱水改性并回收褐煤所脱水分.通过检测水分化学需氧量、氨氮、总磷、硬度、离子、有机化合物等各项指标,对褐煤中水分进行深入分析,并比较两种脱水方法的脱水、净化效果.结果表明微波方式脱水率可达70%~80%,除化学需氧量外,其它水质指标均符合工业用水标准,且杂质含量随微波功率增加而降低,利于净化回收.水热方式可有效改善褐煤煤质,脱水率最高可达87.44%,但各项水质指标均大大超出标准范围,且杂质含量在250℃工况下达到最大.两种冷凝水均检测到微量有毒金属元素、有毒致癌的多环芳烃及酚类化合物,将成为后续净化的主要脱除对象.